新编英国文学选读（下）
The Age of Romanticism浪漫主义时期
Romanticism浪漫主义：The glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep veneration of nature, and an intense passion to remake the world Subjectivism主观主义，个人主义：
1、Interested in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves
2、Much more imaginative Spontaneity自发性：
1、William Wordsworth defined poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of feelings”
2、No need to follow “rules” and “regulations” 3、Focused on independence 4、More “heart” than “head”
Melancholy忧郁，悲哀：Themes of exile, isolation, a longing for the infinite (an unreachable goal is commonly found in their works)
William Wordsworth：
Born and grew up near the Lake district
Beautiful scenic spot in northwestern England
Lyrical Ballads (1798)—preface is an important piece of literary criticism Declaration of romantic ideals
Profound love of nature, which characterizes all of his works “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”：
Subjectivism—What perspective is the poem from? Who is telling it? Spontaneity—What are some words that describe emotions? Worship of Nature—How is nature seen?
Melancholy—Are there any words that are sad?
Jane Austen:
简·奥斯汀一生一共有六部主要作品：
1：《理智与情感》又名《理性与感性》（Sense and Sensibility， 1811） 2：《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice， 1813） 3：《曼斯菲尔德庄园》（Mansfield Park， 1814） 4：《爱玛》（Emma， 1815）
5：《诺桑觉寺》（Northanger Abbey， 1818， 死后出版） 6：《劝导》（Persuasion， 1818， 死后出版）
The Victorian Age维多利亚时期
Background:
Refers to the time Queen Victoria ruled
British Empire: “the empire on which the sun never sets”
A very prosperous time for wealthy industrial capitalists but a terrible time for the poor labor class
Many authors were trying to reveal the darker side of the seemingly prosperous society
Pride--a feeling that you are more important or better than other people
Prejudice--preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
Utilitarianism功利主义：“The value of any institution, government, and church depends on… whether it contributes or not to the greatest happiness of the greatest number” The Novel：
1、Novels became much more popular 2、More people to read
3、Better printing technology
4、Authors now made a lot of money
5、The wealthy lived very “idle” lives
6、Provided a great way to explore human society between the very wealthy and the very poor
7、Gave voice to women and feminists looking for the right to vote Social Criticism社会批判:
1、These authors were trying to describe the terrible society around them 2、Many times we try so hard to see the best in everything that we fail to see the truth
3、Tried to create a change for their society by talking about things people weren?t paying attention to
Charles Dickens：
Worked in a factory at the age of 11 Left a deep mark on him
Inspired many of his future works of social criticism
Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol Dickens' Work：
Depicts the grotesque (very odd or unusual, fantastically ugly or absurd)
Gives life to inanimate things and compares inanimate objects with animate
objects (personification)
Uses emotional descriptions to arouse sympathy in people (pathos) “Bleak House”
Is anything grotesque?
Does he personify any of the objects?
Does anything that he describes appeal to your emotions? (pathos)
Modernism现代主义时期
Modern：“The term modernism refers to the radical shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in the art and literature of the post-World War I period. The ordered, stable and inherently meaningful world view of the nineteenth century could not, wrote T.S. Eliot, accord with ?the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history.?.. rejecting nineteenth-century optimism, [modernists] presented a profoundly pessimistic picture of a culture in disarray.”
The Reasons推论，理性：People feel less individual and more alienated, fragmented, and at a loss in their daily lives and worlds In Literature：
Complex and obscure：The past, present and future mix together; No limitation of space—One moment could be in New York, and the next he could be in Paris
Uses symbols：Subject to many interpretations, which leaves the reader feeling lost
Allusion暗示，提及 :Unites the past, present and future; Illustrate a decay between past morality and glory, and the present
Irony: Find themselves helpless in the chaotic world; Life is ironic
T.S. Eliot
Greatest works:
The Waste Land (1921)
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1911)
Works include an incredible amount of allusions to past great works Writes of the modern world falling apart and spiritually barren
Stream of consciousness—the writer jumps from one subject to another without transition words
新编英国文学选读(下)摘要
