适当考虑具体情事，在有权宣布无效方知道或本应知道相关的事实或者在其能够自由行动之后，宣布无效的通知须在一段合理的时间内发出。
(2) However, a party may avoid an individual term under Article 4.110 if it gives notice of avoidance within a reasonable time after the other party has invoked the term.
但是，如果一方当事人在对方当事人引用某条款后的一段合理的时间内发出了宣布无效的通知，该方当事人可以依据第4:110条宣布此一单个的合同条款无效。
Article 4.114 - Confirmation第4:114条：确认
If the party who is entitled to avoid a contract confirms it, expressly or impliedly, after it knows of the ground for avoidance, or becomes capable of acting freely, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
如果有权宣布合同无效的一方当事人在它知道了无效事由后，或者在它能够自由地行动之后，明示地或默示地确认了该合同，该合同的无效即被排除。
Article 4.115 - Effect of avoidance第4:115条：无效的效力
On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever he has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided he makes concurrent restitution of whatever he has received under the contract or the part of it avoided. If restitution cannot be made in kind for any reason, a reasonable sum must be paid for what has been received.
合同无效后，任何一方当事人均可要求返还依据该合同或者该合同中无效的部分他所交付的一切东西，但要求他同时返还他依据该合同或者该合同中无效的部分所接受的东西。无论什么原因，如果无法返还原物，则须对所受领的物品支付一笔合理的价金。
Article 4.116 - Partial avoidance第4:116条：部分无效
If a ground of avoidance affects only particular terms of a contract, the effect of an avoidance is limited to those terms unless, giving due consideration to all the circumstances of the case, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract. 如果无效事由仅影响及于合同的特定条款，则无效的效力仅限于这些条款，除非在适当地考虑了案件的具体情事后，仍令合同的剩余部分有效不合理。
Article 4.117 - Damages第4:117条：损害赔偿
(1) A party who avoids a contract under this Chapter may recover from the other party damages so as to put the avoiding party as nearly as possible into the same position as if it had not concluded the contract, provided that the other party knew or ought to have known of the mistake, fraud, threat or taking of excessive benefit or unfair advantage.
只要对方当事人知道或者本应知道错误、欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处，有权依本章规定宣布合同无效的一方当事人可以从对方当事人获取损害赔偿，以使宣布合同无效方当事人尽可能地处于如同它未曾缔结合同一样的状态。
(2) If a party has the right to avoid a contract under this Chapter, but does not exercise its right or has lost its right under the provisions of Articles 4.113 or 4.114, it may recover, subject to paragraph (1), damages limited to the loss caused to it by the mistake, fraud, threat or taking of excessive benefit or unfair advantage. The same measure of damages shall apply when the party
was misled by incorrect information in the sense of Article 4.106.
如果一方当事人依本章的规定拥有宣布合同无效的权利，但却没有行使它的权利或者根据第4:113条或第4:114条的规定丧失了它的权利，在符合第一款的条件下，它可以对因错误、欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处而给自己造成的损失获取损害赔偿。当该方当事人在第4:106条的意义上被不正确的信息误导时，亦应适用同样的损害赔偿的计算方法。
(3) In other respects, the damages shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions of Chapter 9, Section 5, with appropriate adaptations.
在别的方面，损害赔偿应符合第九章第五节的有关规定，个别方面作适当调整。
Article 4.118 - Exclusion or restriction of remedies第4:118条：对救济的排除或限制
(1) Remedies for fraud, threats and excessive benefit or unfair advantage-taking, and the right to avoid an unfair term which has not been individually negotiated, cannot be excluded or restricted.
对欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处的救济，以及对未经个别商议的不公平条款宣布无效的权利，不得被排除或限制。
(2) Remedies for mistake and incorrect information may be excluded or restricted unless the exclusion or restriction is contrary to good faith and fair dealing. 对错误和不正确信息的救济可得被排除或限制，除非此种排除或限制有悖于诚实信用和公平交易。
Article 4.119 - Remedies for non-performance第4:119条：不履行之救济
A party who is entitled to a remedy under this Chapter in circumstances which afford that party a remedy for non-performance may pursue either remedy.
案情使之有权请求不履行之救济的一方当事人，如依本章的规定也可请求救济，则可请求二者中的任何一种救济。
CHAPTER 5 - INTERPRETATION第五章 解释
Article 5.101 - General Rules of Interpretation第5:101条：解释的一般规则
(1) A contract is to be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties even if this differs from the literal meaning of the words.
合同应依当事人的共同意图加以解释，即使这与用语的字面含义不同。
(2) If it is established that one party intended the contract to have a particular meaning, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the other party could not have been unaware of the first party's intention, the contract is to be interpreted in the way intended by the first party. 如果能够认定一方当事人意欲合同具有特定的含义，而且在合同缔结时对方当事人不会不知道第一方当事人的此种意图，则合同应按第一方当事人意欲的方式加以解释。
(3) If an intention cannot be established according to (1) or (2), the contract is to be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.
如果依据第一款和第二款无法认定某种意图，合同应按与双方当事人属于相同类型的通情达理之人在相同情况下所会赋予它的含义解释。
Article 5.102 - Relevant Circumstances第5:102条：相关情况
In interpreting the contract, regard shall be had, in particular, to: (a) the circumstances in which it was concluded, including the preliminary negotiations; (b) the conduct of the parties, even subsequent to the conclusion of the contract; (c) the nature and purpose of the contract; (d) the interpretation which has already been given to similar clauses by the parties and the practices they have established between themselves; (e) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the branch of activity concerned and the interpretation similar clauses may already have received; (f) usages; and (g) good faith and fair dealing. 在解释合同时，应特别注意：1.达成合同时的情况，包括预备性磋商；2.双方当事人的行为，即便是达成合同以后的行为；3.合同的性质与目的；4.由双方当事人以及它们内部确立的习惯做法对类似条款作出过的解释；5.在所涉行为的行业中条款或表述通常被赋予的含义，以及类似条款业已得到的解释；6.惯例；以及7．诚实信用和公平交易。
Article 5.103 - Contra Proferentem Rule第5:103条：对使用者不利益规则
Where there is doubt about the meaning of a contract term not individually negotiated, an interpretation of the term against the party who supplied it is to be preferred.
对未经个别商议的合同条款存有疑义时，应作不利于使用该条款之当事人的解释。
Article 5.104 - Preference to Negotiated Terms第5:104条：经过商议的条款的优先性 Terms which have been individually negotiated take preference over those which are not. 经过个别商议的条款优先于那些未经个别商议的条款。
Article 5.105 - Reference to Contract as a Whole第5:105条：合同作为整体的优先性
Terms are interpreted in the light of the whole contract in which they appear. 条款应从它们表现出来的合同整体的角度加以解释。
Article 5.106 - Terms to Be Given (Full) Effect第5:106条：赋予条款完全的效力
An interpretation which renders the terms of the contract lawful, or effective, is to be preferred to one which would not.
使合同条款合法或有效的解释方法优先于不具此种效果的解释方法。
Article 5.107 - Linguistic Discrepancies第5:107条：语言的差异
Where a contract is drawn up in two or more language versions none of which is stated to be authoritative, there is, in case of discrepancy between the versions, a preference for the interpretation according to the version in which the contract was originally drawn up. 在合同采用两种或多种语言文本，其中没有一个被指定为权威文本时，如果不同文本之间存有差异，在解释上应以合同最初采用的文本优先。
CHAPTER 6 - CONTENTS AND EFFECTS第六章 内容与效果 Article 6.101 - Statements giving rise to contractual obligation
第6:101条：产生合同债务的陈述
(1) A statement made by one party before or when the contract is concluded is to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation if that is how the other party reasonably understood it in the circumstances, taking into account: (a) the apparent importance of the statement to the other party; (b) whether the party was making the statement in the course of business; and (c) the relative expertise of the parties.
一方当事人于合同缔结前或合同缔结时所作的陈述将被视为一种合同性保证，只要那正是对方当事人在该具体情况下对它所合理地理解的，考虑：1.该陈述对于对方当事人的表面的重要性；2.该方当事人是否在经营过程中作出该陈述；以及3.当事人相关的专门技术。
(2) If one of the parties is a professional supplier who gives information about the quality or use of services or goods or other property when marketing or advertising them or otherwise before the contract for them is concluded, the statement is to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation unless it is shown that the other party knew or could not have been unaware that the statement was incorrect.
如果当事人中的一方系职业性供应人，在双方当事人的合同缔结之前，该方对其服务或商品或者其他物品进行销售、宣传等时，关于它们的性能或用途发布了信息，则该陈述应作为合同的一个条款，除非情况表明对方当事人已经知道或不可能不知道该陈述是不正确的。
(3) Such information and other undertakings given by a person advertising or marketing services, goods or other property for the professional supplier, or by a person in earlier links of the business chain, are to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation on the part of the professional supplier unless it did not know and had no reason to know of the information or undertaking.
这类信息和保证如系有人在为该职业性供应人宣传或销售服务、商品或其他物品时发布出来的，或者系处于商业链条的前部环节的人发布出来的，也要认为对该职业性供应人产生合同债务，除非它不知道也没有原因知道这种信息或保证。
Article 6.102 - Implied obligations第6:102条：默示的义务
In addition to the express terms, a contract may contain implied terms which stem from (a) the intention of the parties, (b) the nature and purpose of the contract, and (c) good faith and fair dealing.
除明示条款之外，合同仍得含有默示条款，产生于1.双方当事人的意图，2.合同的性质与目的，以及3.诚实信用与公平交易。
Article 6.103 - Simulation第6:103条：虚伪表示
When the parties have concluded an apparent contract which was not intended to reflect their true agreement, as between the parties the true agreement prevails. 如果当事人达成了一份不欲反映它们的真正合意的外表合同，对双方当事人而言应以真实合意为准。
Article 6.104 - Determination of Price第6:104条：价格的确定
Where the contract does not fix the price or the method of determining it, the parties are to be
treated as having agreed on a reasonable price.
如果合同未约定价格或者确定价格的方式，则应视为当事人已同意了一合理价格。
Article 6.105 - Unilateral Determination by a Party第6:105条：由一方当事人作的单方面确定 Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by one party whose determination is grossly unreasonable, then notwithstanding any provision to the contrary, a reasonable price or other term shall be substituted.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要由一方当事人加以确定，而其决定非常不合理，则纵有其他相反规定，亦得代之以合理的价格或其他条款。
Article 6.106 - Determination by a Third Person第6:106条：由第三人作的确定
(1) Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by a third person, and it cannot or will not do so, the parties are presumed to have empowered the court to appoint another person to determine it.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要由第三人确定，而它不能够或者不愿意这么做，则推定为当事人已授权法院指定另外一人加以确定。
(2) If a price or other term fixed by a third person is grossly unreasonable, a reasonable price or term shall be substituted.
如果由第三人确定的价格或其他条款非常不合理，则应代之以一合理的价格或条款。
Article 6.107 - Reference to a Non Existent Factor第6:107条：对不存在之因素的参照
Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by reference to a factor which does not exist or has ceased to exist or to be accessible, the nearest equivalent factor shall be substituted.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要参照某一因素加以确定，而该因素不曾存在或不再存在或不再能够找到，则应代之以最为相当的因素。
Article 6.108 - Quality of Performance第6:108条：履行的质量
If the contract does not specify the quality, a party must tender performance of at least average quality.
如果合同没有特别约定质量，当事人所提交的履行至少须具有中等质量。
Article 6.109 - Contract for an Indefinite Period第6:109条：期限不定的合同
A contract for an indefinite period may be ended by either party by giving notice of reasonable length.
期限不定的合同可得由任何一方当事人作出合理期限的通知而终止。
Article 6.110 - Stipulation in Favour of a Third Party第6:110条：利益第三人之约定
(1) A third party may require performance of a contractual obligation when its right to do so has been expressly agreed upon between the promisor and the promisee, or when such agreement is to be inferred from the purpose of the contract or the circumstances of the case. The third party need not be identified at the time the agreement is concluded. 第三人可以请求合同债务之履行，如果它如此行为之权利已在允诺人与受诺人之间明确地达
欧洲合同法通则(中英文第2部分)
