欧洲合同法通则(中英文第2部分)

Section 3 - Indirect Representation第三节 间接代理

Article 3.301 - Intermediaries not acting in the name of a Principal 第3:301条：非以委托人的名义行为的中间人

(1) Where an intermediary acts: (a) on instructions and on behalf, but not in the name, of a principal, or (b) on instructions from a principal but the third party does not know and has no reason to know this, the intermediary and the third party are bound to each other. 如果中间人从事行为系：1.基于委托人的指令和为了委托人的利益，但并非以委托人的名义，或者，2.基于委托人的指令，但第三人对此并不知道而且没有理由知道，中间人与该第三人互相受有拘束。

(2) The principal and the third party are bound to each other only under the conditions set out in Articles 3.302 to 3.304.

仅当符合第3:302至3:304条规定的条件时，委托人与该第三人始互相拘束。

Article 3.302 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Principal

第3:302条：中间人的破产或对委托人的根本性不履行

If the intermediary becomes insolvent, or if it commits a fundamental non-performance towards the principal, or if prior to the time for performance it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance: (a) on the principal's demand, the intermediary shall communicate the name and address of the third party to the principal; and (b) the principal may exercise against the third party the rights acquired on the principal's behalf by the intermediary, subject to any defences which the third party may set up against the intermediary.

若中间人沦为破产，或若它对委托人根本性不履行，或若在履行期到来之前情况表明将会发生根本性不履行，则：1.基于委托人的请求，中间人应将第三人的名字和地址告知委托人；并且2.委托人可以行使中间人为委托人的利益而对第三人取得的权利，但应承受第三人可得对中间人提出的抗辩。

Article 3.303 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Third Party 第3:303条：中间人的破产或对第三人的根本性不履行

If the intermediary becomes insolvent, or if it commits a fundamental non-performance towards the third party, or if prior to the time for performance it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance: (a) on the third party's demand, the intermediary shall communicate the name and address of the principal to the third party; and (b) the third party may exercise against the principal the rights which the third party has against the intermediary, subject to any defences which the intermediary may set up against the third party and those which the principal may set up against the intermediary. 若中间人沦为破产，或若它对第三人根本性不履行，或若在履行期到来之前情况表明将根本性不履行，则：1.基于该第三人的请求，中间人应将委托人的名字和地址告知该第三人；并且2.第三人可对委托人行使该第三人对该中间人拥有的权利，但应承受中间人可得对第三人提出的抗辩以及委托人可得对中间人提出的抗辩。

Article 3.304 - Requirement of Notice第3:304条：通知要件

The rights under Articles 3.302 and 3.303 may be exercised only if notice of intention to exercise them is given to the intermediary and to the third party or principal, respectively. Upon receipt of the notice, the third party or the principal is no longer entitled to render performance to the intermediary.

第3:302至3:303条规定的权利的行使，要求须向中间人以及向第三人或委托人分别发出行使此权利的意思的通知。在接到通知之后，第三人或委托人不再有权向中间人进行履行。

CHAPTER 4 - VALIDITY第四章 有效性

Article 4.101 - Matters not Covered第4:101条：未受规制的事项

This Chapter does not deal with invalidity arising from illegality, immorality or lack of capacity. 本章没有规定因不合法、不道德或缺乏能力而发生的无效。

Article 4.102 - Initial Impossibility第4:102条：自始不能

A contract is not invalid merely because at the time it was concluded performance of the obligation assumed was impossible, or because a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates.

仅仅由于合同成立时所负债务的履行不能或由于一方当事人无权处分合同关涉的财产，合同并不无效。

Article 4.103 - Mistake as to facts or law第4:103条：关于事实或法律的错误

(1) A party may avoid a contract for mistake of fact or law existing when the contract was concluded if: (a) (i) the mistake was caused by information given by the other party; or (ii) the other party knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to good faith and fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or (iii) the other party made the same mistake, and (b) the other party knew or ought to have known that the mistaken party, had it known the truth, would not have entered the contract or would have done so only on fundamentally different terms. 如有下列情形，一方当事人可基于合同成立时存在的关于事实或法律的错误而宣布合同无效：1.（1）错误是由于对方当事人给出的信息造成的；或（2）对方当事人已知道或本应知道该错误，而且让错误方陷于错误状态有悖于诚实信用和公平交易；或（3）对方当事人也犯有相同的错误，以及2.对方当事人已知道或本应知道，如果错误方知道了真实情况，错误方就不会缔结该合同或只会以完全不同的条款缔结合同。

(2) However a party may not avoid the contract if: (a) in the circumstances its mistake was inexcusable, or (b) the risk of the mistake was assumed, or in the circumstances should be borne, by it.

然如有下列情况，当事人不得宣布合同无效：1.在该具体情事中，它的错误是不可原谅的；或2.此种错误的风险已被它承担，或在该具体情事中应当由它来承担。

Article 4.104 - Inaccuracy in communication第4:104条：传达的信息不准确

An inaccuracy in the expression or transmission of a statement is to be treated as a mistake of the person who made or sent the statement and Article 4.103 applies.

表达或传送陈述中的不准确应作为制作或发送该陈述之人的错误，适用第4:103条。

Article 4.105 - Adaptation of contract第4:105条：合同的改订

(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party indicates that it is willing to perform, or actually does perform, the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoid it, the contract is to be treated as if it had been concluded as the that party understood it. The other party must indicate its willingness to perform, or render such performance, promptly after being informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoid it understood the contract and before that party acts in reliance on any notice of avoidance. 如果一方当事人可因错误而宣布合同无效，但对方当事人表明它愿意或者实际上的确按照有权宣布合同无效的一方当事人所理解的合同加以履行，则该合同被视为按照错误方所理解的那样缔结。在被告知了有权宣布合同无效方所理解合同的方式后，以及在该方当事人基于对宣布合同无效的通知的信赖业已从事行为之前，对方当事人须立即表明它愿意履行或实际提供此种履行。

(2) After such indication or performance the right to avoid is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.

在这种表示或者履行之后，宣布合同无效的权利即丧失，而且任何先前的宣布合同无效的通知不生效力。

(3) Where both parties have made the same mistake, the court may at the request of either party bring the contract into accordance with what might reasonably have been agreed had the mistake not occurred.

在双方当事人犯有同样错误的场合，法院可基于任何一方当事人的请求，使合同符合如果错误未曾发生所会达成的样子。

Article 4.106 - Incorrect information第4:106条：不正确的信息

A party who has concluded a contract relying on incorrect information given it by the other party may recover damages in accordance with Article 4.117(2) and (3) even if the information does not give rise to a right to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake under Article 4.103, unless the party who gave the information had reason to believe that the information was correct. 因相信对方当事人给出的不正确的信息而缔结合同的当事人可依第4:117条第二款和第三款请求损害赔偿，即便该信息并没有依第4:103条产生出基于错误而宣布合同无效的权利，除非给出信息方有理由认为该信息是真实的。

Article 4.107 - Fraud第4:107条：欺诈

(1) A party may avoid a contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's fraudulent representation, whether by words or conduct, or fraudulent non-disclosure of any information which in accordance with good faith and fair dealing it should have disclosed. 如果一方当事人缔结合同是因对方当事人的欺诈性表示，无论是言语还是行为，或者是因对依诚实信用或公平交易对方本应透露的信息却欺诈性地不予透露，则该方当事人可宣布合同无效。

(2) A party's representation or non-disclosure is fraudulent if it was intended to deceive. 如果一方当事人的表示或者不揭示系意在欺骗，它即为欺诈性的。

(3) In determining whether good faith and fair dealing required that a party disclose particular information, regard should be had to all the circumstances, including: (a) whether the party had special expertise; (b) the cost to it of acquiring the relevant information; (c) whether the other party could reasonably acquire the information for itself; and (d) the apparent importance of the information to the other party.

在确定诚实信用和公平交易是否要求一方当事人透露某特定信息时，对各种情况均应考虑，包括：1.该方当事人是否拥有专门技术；2.由它获取相关信息所需费用；3.对方当事人自己是否可以合理地获取该信息；以及4.该信息对对方当事人显而易见的重要性。

Article 4.108 - Threats第4:108条：胁迫

A party may avoid a contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's imminent and serious threat of an act: (a) which is wrongful in itself, or (b) which it is wrongful to use as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract , unless in the circumstances the first party had a reasonable alternative.

一方当事人缔结合同如果是由于对方当事人即行的且严重的行为的威胁，而此种行为之威胁：1.本身是非法的，或2.作为达成合同的手段是非法的，则该方当事人可以宣布合同无效，除非在该具体情事中第一方当事人拥有合理的选择余地。

Article 4.109 - Excessive benefit or unfair advantage第4:109条：过分的利益或不公平的好处 (1) A party may avoid a contract if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract: (a) it was dependent on or had a relationship of trust with the other party, was in economic distress or had urgent needs, was improvident, ignorant, inexperienced or lacking in bargaining skill, and (b) the other party knew or ought to have known of this and, given the circumstances and purpose of the contract, took advantage of the first party's situation in a way which was grossly unfair or took an excessive benefit.

如果在缔结合同时有下列情况，一方当事人可以宣布合同无效：1.它依赖于对方当事人或与对方当事人具有信托关系，它处于经济困难或具有急迫需要，它是无远见的、无知的、无经验的或缺乏谈判技巧的，以及2.对方当事人已经知道或本应知道这种情况，由于这种情况以及合同的目的，以非常不公平的或获取过分利益的方式利用了第一方当事人的这种状况。

(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may if it is appropriate adapt the contract in order to bring it into accordance with what might have been agreed had the requirements of good faith and fair dealing been followed.

应有权宣布合同无效方当事人的要求，如果合适，法院可以改订合同，以使合同符合遵循诚实信用和公平交易之要求本应会达成的样子。

(3) A court may similarly adapt the contract upon the request of a party receiving notice of avoidance for excessive benefit or unfair advantage, provided that this party informs the party who gave the notice promptly after receiving it and before that party has acted in reliance on it. 类似地，法院也可以应收到因过分利益或不公平的好处而宣布合同无效之通知方当事人的要求改订合同，只要该方当事人在收到通知后而且在对方当事人信赖该通知而作出行为之前立即告知作出上述通知的一方当事人。

Article 4.110 -Unfair terms which have not been individually negotiated

第4:110条：未经个别商议的不公平合同条款

(1) A party may avoid a term which has not been individually negotiated if, contrary to the requirements of good faith and fair dealing, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract to the detriment of that party, taking into account the nature of the performance to be rendered under the contract, all the other terms of the contract and the circumstances at the time the contract was concluded.

如果未经个别商议的合同条款造成当事人的合同权利义务显著失衡，有损于一方当事人，有悖于诚实信用和公平交易，考虑合同所要求的履行的性质、合同的其他所有条款以及缔结合同时的具体情事，该方当事人可以宣布该条款无效。

(2) This Article does not apply to: (a) a term which defines the main subject matter of the contract, provided the term is in plain and intelligible language; or to (b) the adequacy in value of one party's obligations compared to the value of the obligations of the other party.

本条不适用于：1.规定合同的主要标的的条款，只要该条款用语浅显易懂；或2.一方当事人的债务在价值上与对方当事人的债务的价值具有相当性。

Article 4.111 - Third persons第4:111条：第三人

(1) Where a third person for whose acts a party is responsible, or who with a party's assent is involved in the making of a contract: (a) causes a mistake by giving information, or knows of or ought to have known of a mistake, (b) gives incorrect information, (c) commits fraud, (d) makes a threat, or (e) takes excessive benefit or unfair advantage, remedies under this Chapter will be available under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.

在一方当事人对第三人的行为负责之场合，或经一方当事人同意该第三人介入了合同的缔结，若该第三人1.因给出信息而造成了错误，或者知道或本应知道某一错误，2.给出了不正确的信息，3.犯有欺诈，4.进行了胁迫，或 5.获取过分的利益或不公平的好处，则在与恰如该方当事人自己的行为或知晓一样的条件下，可以获取本章中的救济。

(2) Where any other third person: (a) gives incorrect information, (b) commits fraud, (c) makes a threat, or (d) takes excessive benefit or unfair advantage, remedies under this Chapter will be available if the party knew or ought to have known of the relevant facts, or at the time of avoidance it has not acted in reliance on the contract.

在其他第三人从事下列行为场合：1.给出了不正确的信息，2.犯有欺诈，3.进行了胁迫，或4.获取了过分的利益或不公平的好处，如果该方当事人知道或应当知道相关的事实，或者在宣布无效之时它尚未信赖该合同而行为，则可以获取本章的救济。

Article 4.112 - Notice of Avoidance第4:112条：对无效的通知

Avoidance must be by notice to the other party.宣布无效须采用向对方当事人发出通知的方式。 Article 4.113 - Time limits第4:113条：时间限制

(1) Notice of avoidance must be given within a reasonable time, with due regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or ought to have known of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.