2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

(名师精选试题+解析答案，建议下载练习)

专题1-主旨大意（一）

A

(2017年重庆一模)The first potatoes were grown by the Incas of South America, more than 400 years ago.Their descendants (后代) in Ecuador and Chile continue to grow the vegetable as high as 14，000 feet up in the Andes Mountains.(That's higher than any other food will grow.)Early Spanish and English explorers shipped potatoes to Europe, and they found their way to North America in the early 1600s.

People eat potatoes in many ways—baked, mashed, and roasted，to name just three.However，in the United States most potatoes are eaten in the form of French fries.One fast-food chain alone sells more than $ 1 billion worth of fries each year.No wonder, then, that the company pays particular attention to the way its fries are prepared. Before any fry makes it to the people who eat at these popular restaurants，it must pass many separate tests.Fail any one of these tests and the potato is rejected.To start with, only Russet Burbank potatoes are used.These Idaho potatoes have less water content than other kinds, which can have as much as 80 percent water.Once cut into “shoestrings” shapes，the potatoes are partly fried in a secret blend of oils, sprayed with liquid sugar to brown them, steam dried at high heat, then flash frozen for shipment to individual restaurants.

Before shipping，every shoestring is measured.Forty percent of a batch must be between two and three inches long.Another 40 percent has to be over three inches.What about the 20 percent that are left in the batch? Well，a few short fries in a bag are okay，it seems.

So, now that you realize the enormous size and value of the potato crop, you can understand why most people agree that this part of the food industry is no “small potatoes”．

【语篇解读】 本文介绍了土豆被引进美国历史及炸薯条在美国食物产业中举足轻重地位。 1．Potatoes in North America came directly from______． A．Chile B．Europe C．Ecuador

D．the Andes Mountains

B [考查细节理解。根据文中第一段最后一句“Early Spanish and English explorers shipped

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

potatoes to Europe，and they found their way to North America in the early 1600s.”可知，北美最早的土豆来自欧洲。故选B项。]

2．Why does the company pay special attention to the way the fries are prepared? A．Because selling fries is a big business. B．Because fries are not easy to prepare at all. C．Because Americans are particular about fries. D．Because the government has a strict rule for that.

A [考查推理判断。根据第二段的“One fast-food chain alone sells more than $1 billion worth of fries each year.No wonder，then, that the company pays particular attention to the way its fries are prepared.”可知，在美国，炸薯条是个很大的行业，所以会被特殊关注。故选A项。] 3．In the last paragraph, the writer mainly wants to say________． A．small potatoes cannot be used for fries B．potatoes are really important for Americans C．eating in America is the very first thing D．fries are really important for food industry

D [考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的内容“this part of the food industry is no ‘small potatoes’”可知，在美国，炸薯条在食品产业中不是“小土豆”(无足轻重的东西)，由此可推测，炸薯条在食品产业中占有重要的地位。故选D项。]

[干扰项分析] 本题学生易误选B项，本文首先介绍了土豆被引入美国，且炸薯条带来了强大商业利润，但在最后一段中，根据关键信息“realize the enormous size and value of the potato crop”及“this part of the food industry is no‘small potatoes’．”可知，本段重点强调炸薯条在食品产业中的重要地位，而不是土豆对美国人的重要性，故排除B项。 4．What is the main idea of this passage?

A．The average American eats 50 pounds of potatoes a year. B．French fries are made from potatoes. C．Potatoes are a key vegetable in America.

D．The various terms for potatoes have a long history.

C [考查主旨大意。根据全文内容可知，在美国，土豆可以有多种吃法，尤其是炸薯条，深受人们的欢迎，也因此带来了强大的商业利润，在食品产业中占有重要地位。因此，本文的主旨是，在美国土豆是很重要的蔬菜。故选C项。]

B

(2017年湖南长郡中学模拟)It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams，the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life，but manners on the road are becoming horrible.Everybody knows

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

that the nicest men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel.It is all right to have a tiger in a cage，but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter.

Road politeness is not only good manners，but a good sense.It takes the most cool-headed drivers great patience to give up the desire to beat back when forced to face rude driving.On the other hand，a little politeness goes a long way toward reducing the possibility of quarrelling and fighting.A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and becomes so necessary in modern traffic conditions.But such behavior of politeness is by no means enough.Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.

However，misplaced politeness can also be dangerous.A typical example is the driver who waves a child crossing the street at a wrong place into the path of oncoming cars that may not be able to stop in time.The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to.

An experienced driver，whose manners are faultless，told me it would help if drivers learnt to correctly join in a traffic stream without causing total blockages that give rise to unpleasant feelings.Unfortunately，modern drivers can't even learn to drive，let alone master the roadmanship(公路驾车技能)．Years ago，experts warned us that the fast increase of the car ownership would demand more give-and-take(互谅互让)from all road users.It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.

【语篇解读】 随着车辆的增多，很多司机都有可怕的路怒症，甚至不知道什么是文明交通。专家们呼吁，司机应该互谅互让，将文明驾驶牢记在心。 1．The passage mainly talks about ________． A．traffic jams C．road politeness

B．good manners D．modern drivers

C [考查主旨大意。根据文章第二段第一句Road politeness is not only good manners，but a good sense.及第三段第一句However，misplaced politeness can also be dangerous.可知，本文主要围绕道路文明礼貌行为展开论述。故选C项。] 2．Troubles on the road are often caused by ________． A．traffic jams

B．the behavior of the drivers C．the great speed of modern life D．terrible road conditions

B [考查推理判断。根据文章第一段第二句Everybody knows that the nicest men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel.可知，大家都知道，平时非常绅士的人在开车的时候也会变成一只猛虎。再根据文中对道路上司机们的种种行为的描述可判断，公路上的麻烦主要

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

是由司机的行为引起的。故选B项。]

3．According to the writer，a good driver should ________． A．encourage children to cross the road whenever they want to B．beat back when forced to face rude driving C．be able to recognize politeness when he sees it

D．join in a traffic stream quickly however other people feel

C [考查细节理解。根据文章第二段最后一句Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.可知，在看到礼貌行为时，一个好司机应当能够对此有所认知。故选C项。]

4．It is not always right for drivers to ________． A．master the roadmanship

B．neglect politeness when they see it

C．give a friendly nod in answer to an act of politeness

D．encourage old ladies to cross the road whenever and wherever they want to

D [考查细节理解。根据第三段最后一句The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to.可知，给老人让路，让他们随意过马路的礼貌行为是不对的。故选D项。]

C

(2017年云南高三年级11校跨区调研考试)

Spider(蜘蛛) webs have something in common with guitar strings.The long，thin strings on a guitar can vibrate(振动)．They move back and forth，or from side to side.So do webs made by spiders.The lines of silk they produce can carry vibrations.This movement gives the small creature information about what landed on the web.

Spiders have eight legs and usually eight eyes.The animals build webs with their own soft，naturally-made silk.And much like playing the strings of a guitar，a spider can send out vibrations across its web over many different frequencies(频率)．Spiders catch their food，usually insects in their webs.They make small movements，which spread across their webs.The vibrations can give the spider details about what is caught in the web—maybe a possible mate，or something tasty to eat.

Vibrations are not just used to spot what is for dinner.They are also important in courship(求爱)，so lots of males will actually create a very specific kind of musical pattern which the females can use to determine not only that they're a male，but they're the right species，and whether they might want to mate with them as well.

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

Spiders make their own vibrations to find out the condition of the webs.By controlling the tightness of the material，they can effectively control how information is getting to them when they hang out in the middle of the web.Spiders have a special ability to shape the physical nature of their self-made materials and creations.Scientists think that spider silk may have changed over time for this purpose.

【语篇解读】 本文介绍了蜘蛛吐出的蛛丝可以传播不同频率的振动，这些振动让它们知道蜘蛛网上落下了什么东西并且这些振动在求爱中也非常重要。 1．How does a spider feel that an insect is caught in the web? A．Through its sense of sight. B．Through vibrations of its web. C．Through different frequencies. D．Through a musical pattern.

B [考查细节理解。根据第二段的“The vibrations can give the spider details about what is caught in the web”可知，蜘蛛可以通过蛛网的振动知道有东西落到蛛网了。故选B项。] 2．What does the underlined word“They”in Paragraph 2 probably refer to? A．Insects. C．Spiders.

B．Strings. D．Vibrations.

A [考查代词指代。根据第二段的“Spiders catch their food，usually insects in their webs.They make small movements，which spread across their webs”可知，蜘蛛在它们的蛛网上捕食，一般捕到的都是昆虫。它们制造出传遍整张蛛网的小振动。所以They指代的是昆虫。] 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Silk produces vibrations as the strings of a guitar do. B．Female spiders make special sounds to attract a partner. C．Hunting will be hard for spiders if the silk is loose. D．The tightness of silk can't be adjusted once it's made.

C [考查细节理解。根据第四段的“By controlling the tightness of the material，they can effectively control how information is getting to them”可知，蛛网的紧密度对蜘蛛捕猎至关重要，故选C项。]

[干扰项分析] 根据第一段的第一句“Spider(蜘蛛) webs have something in common with guitar strings”可知，蛛网和吉他弦有一些共同之处，故排除A。根据第三段的“so lots of males will actually...they're a male”可排除B。根据第四段的“By controlling the tightness of the material...in the middle of the web”可知，蜘蛛可以控制材料的紧密度，它们可以有效地调整蛛网的属性，故可排除D项。

4．The text mainly tells readers ________．

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

A．guitars and spider webs are similar B．spider webs have various functions C．spiders are skillful in hunting insects D．vibrations are vital in a spider's life

D [考查主旨大意。根据整篇文章的叙述，尤其是“The vibrations can give the spider details about what is caught in the web—maybe a possible mate，or something tasty to eat”可知，D项正确。]

D

(2018·贵阳市摸底考试)

It's good to make mistakes，and here is why.

First of all，mistakes are a clear sign that we are trying new things.It's always good to try new things because when we are trying new things，we are growing.If we never try anything new，how can we improve？The simple answer is，“We can't”．

Another good thing about mistakes is that when we are making them，we are learning.Consider this—Edison failed 10,000 times before he perfected the light bulb.When asked how it felt to fail that many times，he said that he had learned 10,000 things that didn't work. When we make a mistake，we are much closer to success.Because every time we make a mistake，we eliminate one of the things that keep us from success. But all this doesn't mean that we should go through life without considering the consequences of a mistake.Instead，when we try something new，we have to be willing to set some reasonable limits so that in the event that it doesn't work out the way we want it to，we will be in a position to try again.We all have limited resources—in the form of time and money—so we shouldn't blow them all on one approach to a problem.It's best that we realize it probably won't be perfect for the first time and allocate these resources appropriately so we can learn，make corrections，and try again.Only by accepting and using our mistakes in this way can we make significant advances in our lives.

There is an old saying that goes，“If you're not making mistakes，you're not trying hard enough”．So go forth and make mistakes.

1．Which can be used to replace the underlined word“eliminate”in Paragraph 4? A．make up for B．get rid of C．accept D．expect

2．What do we know from the fifth paragraph? A．We should ignore the possible consequences. B．We should accept the outcome willingly.

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

C．We should make some limits for our next try. D．We should avoid making the same mistakes. 3．What is the text mainly about? A．Dealing with mistakes. B．Making mistakes. C．Making progress. D．Benefiting from mistakes.

4．What may the writer suggest we say to ourselves when making a mistake? A．Never mind，I tried my best. B．Great！Now I have learned something. C．This is a waste of time.

D．Look at this mess.I should just give up.

【解题导语】本文主要介绍犯错的一些好处以及利用错误获得成功的策略。

【难句分析】When asked how it felt to fail that many times，he said that he had learned 10,000 things that didn't work.

分析：本句是一个复合句。When asked how it felt to fail that many times 是一个省略句，当主句与从句主语一致，并且从句中含有be动词时，从句的主语和be动词可以省略，从句补充完整应该是：When he was asked how it felt to fail that many times；第一个that为副词，意为“那么”；第二个that引导宾语从句，在从句中不作句子成分；第三个that引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词10,000 things。

译文：当被问及失败那么多次的感受时，他说他已经知道了一万种不适合(作灯泡)的东西。

1．B 考查词义猜测。根据第四段第一句“When we make a mistake，we are much closer to success”并结合对画线词所在句的理解可知，当犯错误时，我们就除去了一些阻碍成功的因素。由此可推知，eliminate与get rid of意思相近，意为“除去”，故选B。

2．C 考查细节理解。根据第五段第二句“Instead, when we try something new，we have to be willing to set some reasonable limits”可知，我们应该为下一次尝试设置一些合理的限度，故选C。A项和B项与第五段第一句“But all this doesn't mean that we should go through life without considering the consequences of a mistake”不符；D项错在我们应该避免犯同样的错误，文章中并没有明确提到，故排除。

3．D 考查主旨大意。根据文章第一段“It's good to make mistakes，and here is why”的开篇点题，并结合对全文的整体理解可知，本文主要讲述犯错误的一些好处，以及利用这些错误获得成功的策略，故选D。

4．B 考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句“Another good thing about mistakes is that when

2019年高考英语阅读理解专题突破

we are making them，we are learning”可推知，当犯错误时，我们要意识到我们也是在学习，从而更接近成功；本段中爱迪生改进灯泡的例证也告诉我们，当我们犯错时，我们可以告诉自己：“很好！现在我学到了一些东西”，故选B。

E

(2017·湖南十三校第一次联考)With fast food and convenience at our fingertips on every corner and at every turn, it is becoming increasingly hard to stay in shape.Staying healthy has been more and more difficult for many of the common people.To oppose this we would like to arm you with four ways of staying healthy and feeling great.

You really are what you eat.

It's true, and there's no way around it.You can't be sitting there staring at that plate of fried chicken, hoping that you will feel amazed later in the day.We have to be in reality about what we eat.If we are putting dead and fried food in our bellies, what is going to come out is exhausted energy and illness.

Enjoy the sun.

Enjoy the sunshine, or the wind or cold for that matter.In other words, get outside.Take a walk.Do it every single day.You don't have to be doing intense and heavy runs day in and day out, but you do need to be moving.

You see, a healthy metabolism (新陈代谢) will only come from an active lifestyle.Those who have a sedentary living, sitting in office chairs or hardly moving, will have bodies adapted to that lifestyle.But if your body thinks that it needs to burn, then it will get in the habit of burning.

Shop around the outside of the grocery store.

This is becoming more and more of a popular saying among health-food advocates.The inner passages are far more likely to be filled with preservatives(防腐剂) and chemicals to keep those boxed and packaged foods fresh for long periods of time.Yet eating fresh fruits, vegetables, unprocessed meats and so forth will keep nutrient-dense foods going through your body.The more living items you consume, the more help they will be able to be to your immune system and your total body health.

Water.

Yes, simply and without end, water.You need this for every single function that your body performs.When you get up in the morning, before you put anything else on your tongue, drink a quart or two.Build up the amount you consume each day.An option for water instead of other pick-me-ups.Day by day your body will realize that you are going to be more thoroughly hydrating, and it will keep you feeling healthy as you can be.

【语篇解读】 随着触手可及的快餐以及便捷舒适的生活方式越来越普及，现在的人们想保持身材已并非易事；对于大多数普通人来说，保持健康也变得愈加困难，本文就如何保持健康给出了一些建议。