Guidelines and Examples for the Leader Profile Paper
1. Citations (general) pages 1- 3引文，传讯 2. Citations (electronic) pages 3-4 3. Works Cited Page pages 4-8
1. General Rules for Parenthetical Citations 附加说明的
USING AUTHOR NAME
The author of a source is always mentioned either in your text or in the parenthetical citation--unless no author is provided. (See \Special Cases\ below for information regarding those situations.) Author's name mentioned in text
Use the author's name in a single sentence to introduce the material. Then, cite the page number(s) in parentheses. Example
Pope was clear to point out that, although many of his ideas were idealistic, Rousseau held ambivalent 矛盾的feelings toward women (138). Author's name not mentioned in text
When you do not include the author's name in the text, place the author's last name in the parenthetical citation before the page number(s). There is no punctuation between the author's name and the page number(s). Example
During World War I, British and American women could, for the first time, earn first-class pay for first-class work (Gilbert 236-7). More than one work by the same author(s)
If you use more than one work from a single author, when you refer to either of the sources, give the author's last name, an abbreviated title of the work, and the relevant page
number(s). A comma separates the author's last name and the title; however, there is no punctuation between the title and the page number(s). Example
When calculating the number of homeless animals in the United States, the author
comically stated that \Siamese cats might\million homeless animals in the country (Westin, \
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Note: If you mention the author's last name in the sentence, you do not need to include the author's last name in parentheses. Two authors with the same last name
If you use sources by authors with the same last name, always include the author's first and last name in the sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Example
Children will learn to write if they are given the freedom to choose their own subjects, Allison Faye argues, citing the city school council study of the early 1970s (42-51); however, Robert Faye believes that children will learn how to write regardless of their school subjects (102-115).
Two or three authors in a single source
If a source is written by two or three authors, place all of the authors' last names in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Example
Richards, Jones, and Moore maintain that college students who actively participate in extracurricular activities achieve greater academic excellence because they learn how to manage their time more effectively (185). or
The authors maintain that college students who actively participate in extracurricular activities achieve greater academic excellence because they learn how to manage their time more effectively (Richards, Jones, and Moore 185). Four or more authors in a single source
If a source is written by four or more authors, use the first author's last name followed by \You can also name all of the authors in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Example
Chazon et al. argued that ethnic groups are culturally based social organizations in which members have multiple identities (105-6). or
The authors argued that ethnic groups are culturally based social organizations in which members have multiple identities (Chazon, Riley, Jacobs, and Rutherford 105-6). MULTIVOLUME WORKS
Citing an entire volume of a multivolume work
When using an entire volume in a multivolume work, it is not necessary to include the page number(s). Give the author's last name and then the volume number, including the
abbreviation \ Example
Between 1762 and 1796, the economy of imperial Russia experienced profound changes under Empress Catherine II (Spielvolgel, vol. 3). Using part of one volume of a multivolume work
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When using part of one volume of a multivolume work, name the author in the single
sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Place the volume number first and then the page number(s) with a colon and one space between them. Example
According to Flint, Japanese women of the Tokugawa period had key roles and functions in the home (5: 139). SPECIAL CASES:
No author identified in a source
If you use a source that does not supply an author's name, substitute, by using the title or an abbreviated title, for the author's name in the sentence or in the parenthetical citation. In the citation, do not forget to include the page number(s) unless the source is one page or less in length. Be sure to italicize the title if the source is a book, and if the source is an article, place quotation marks around the title. Example
Goddess religions are thought to have originated somewhere between 25,000 and 7,000 BCE (When God Was a Woman). Indirect quotations
If you are citing an author who was quoted by another author, include both names. First, give the name of the author whose words you are citing, followed by \the name of the author of the source you used. If you include the author whose words you are quoting in your text, you do not need to include the author's name again in your citation. Example
In last month's issue of Rolling Stone, Lenny Cravitz admitted that Jimmy Hendrix was an \
Note: Whenever you can, try to take material from the original source and not from a secondhand one. Your credibility as a writer could suffer if you depend too heavily on secondhand sources.
Citing more than one work in single parenthetical reference
If you need to acknowledge two or more works in a single reference, cite each source as you normally would, but use semicolons to separate the reference. Example
Several critics have noted that Butler is unique in being a female African American writer who has excelled in the science fiction genre (Crossley xii; Salvaggio).
2. Electronic Citations In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations
Because Internet sources typically have no page or paragraph numbers, and Web sites in particular are often anonymous,无名的，假名的，匿名的，没有特色的， people are
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often confused about how to refer to these sources within their papers. The answer is to cite the author's name whenever possible and use the source's title otherwise (or a shortened version of the title). If no page or paragraph number is provided in the document (NOT on your printer), leave that portion of the citation blank. Keep in mind that the primary
purpose of an in-text citation is simply to point readers to the correct entry on the Works Cited Page.
Example
Despite the many challenges she has faced on the Internet, the author still enjoys the \
If the electronic document does not have an author, use identifying words from the title. Example
Each of the teletubbies has his/her own language acquisition level, and, because of this, a child can identify and progress to the next language level when the child feels comfortable (\
Note: Do not cite page numbers from printouts because pagination may vary in different printouts. REMINDERS
_ Make parenthetical citations brief and accurate.
_ To avoid long parenthetical citations, place reference information, such as the
author's name, in your sentence. _ Place a citation as close to the relevant material as possible without disrupting the
sentence. _ Use one citation at the end of a long section of material that comes from one source
and the same page(s)--do not cite at the end of each sentence in this case. _ Parenthetical citations always go outside of a quotation and always before a
punctuation mark, such as a period.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. If a quotation of over three lines, double indent the quotation, use no 2. If a quotation ends with a question mark (?) or an exclamation point
(!), include the given punctuation followed by a closing quotation, then insert your parenthetical citation, and insert a period after your parenthetical citation.
quotation marks, and place the parenthetical citation after the punctuation mark. Do not include a period after the parenthetical citation.
_ Place the parenthetical citations in your essay as your write. Do not wait until the
essay is finished. Source of the above:
http://www.studyguide.org/MLA_format_parenthetical_citations.htm
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3. Works Cited Page
When creating your Works Cited Page, remember to: ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Begin the Works Cited on a new page, but number consecutively (i.e., if the last page of your essay is page 3, the Works Cited is page 4) Alphabetize each entry by first letter
Use italics for all titles of books, magazines, films, etc.
You do NOT need to include the URL on internet sources unless specifically required.
Put quotation marks around the titles of poems, short stories, and articles Indent the 2nd line, the 3rd line, and all subsequent lines of each citation Double-space all entries...the examples which follow are single-spaced only to save space on this handout
Correct citation Gorman, Elizabeth. Prairie Women. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. Caper, Charles and Lawrence T. Teamos. How to Camp. Philadelphia: Doubleday, 1986. Ellis, Doris et.al. History of Japan. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1989. Type of citation Book (One author) Book (Two authors) Book (Three or more authors) Vanderkirk, Pamela, ed. Ten Short Plays. Los Angeles: Nowell Book Book (One editor) Co., 1982. Lockhard, David J. and Charles Heimler, eds. The Oregon Trail. New Book (Two editors) York: Bonanza Books, 1992. Carlson, David et.al., eds. Encyclopedia of Animal Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985. Book (Three or more editors) Allende, Isabel. \A Book (Single work Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. from an anthology) Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88. American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Clayman. New York: Random, 1989. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Twice-Told Tales. Ed. George Parsons Lathrop. Boston: Houghton, 1883. 1 Mar. 2002.
英语写作中的MLA格式
