试题（1）
第一部分 选择题
41 、 Explain how the inventory of sounds can change,
giving some examples in
English for illustration.
42、 Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the
acquisition of
a second language.
试题（2）
五、 论述题(每小题 10 分， 共 20 分)
36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in twodifferent ways to show the syntactic rules account for theambiguity of sentences.
(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.
(2)He saw young men and women present.
(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and giveeach affix two examples.
re-
un-
anti-
super-
-wise
-itis
-ize
-age
试题（3）
Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41 .Explain with examples the three notions of phone,phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.
试题（5）
五、 论述题(第 41、 42 小题各 7 分， 第 43 小题 6 分， 共 20分)
41 . Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned tothe same phoneme?
42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram toreveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.
43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLETbelow carefully and identify every difference in expressionbetween Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.
King: Where is Polonius?
Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.
If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.
But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.
Act IV, Scene iii
试题（6）
41 . The phonological features that occur above the level ofindividual sounds are called suprasegmental features.
Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.
42. Explain and give examples to show in what waycomponential analysis is similar to the analysis ofphonemes into distinctive features.
试题（7）
五、 论述题（每小题 10 分， 共 20 分）
1. Comment on the following conversation in terms ofGrice’s Cooperative Principle:
A: Where’ve you been?
B: Out.
2. Analyse the following words and show how manymorphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall,unexcep tionableness, ungentlemanliness
(每个语素 0. 5 分)
试题（8）
41 .Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageousand informative than linear structure in analyzing theconstituent relationship among linguistic elements?
Support your statement with examples.
42.Describe the process of language perception,comprehension and production
试题（9）
41. Explain sociological triggers for language changeby giving a typical example in the history of English.
42. Explain briefly the four main individual learnerfactors that affect a learner's acquisition of a secondlanguage.
参考答案
一、 单项选择题（本大题共 10 小题， 每小题 2 分， 共 20分）
1、 C 2、 C 3、 D 4、 D 5、 D
6、 B 7、 B 8、 C 9、 A 1 0、 D
二、 填空题（本大题共 1 0 小题， 每小题 1 分， 共 1 0 分）
11 、 knowledge
12、 bilabial
13、 morphology
14、 sentence
15、 complete
16、 representatives
17、 coinage
18、 delete
19、 critical
20、 interlanguage
三、 判断改错题（本大题共 10 小题， 每小题 2 分， 共 20分）
21 、 F
Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on thespoken form of language than the written form for anumber of reasons.
22、 F
Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not inChinese.
23、 F
The meaning of some compound words has nothing todo with the sum total of the meanings of theircomponents, such as the compound "redcoat".
24、 F
Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.
25、 F
Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only indifferent regional dialects such as British English andAmerican English but also within the variety itself. Forexample, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" inScottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irishdialect.
26、 T
27、 T
28、 F
They have a fairly clear fairly clear functionaldifferentiation, i.e. one language may be used in somedomains, other language in other domains.
29、 F
The true statement is "According to the strong version ofthe Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"
30、 T
四、 名词解释题（本大题共 10 小题， 每小题 3 分， 共 30分）
31 、 One of the major defining features of humanlanguage. Human language consists of two levels. Atthe lower level, there are a limited number of soundswhich are meaningless while at the higher level thereare an unlimited number of combinations of thesesounds. It is also known as double articulation.
32、 Linguistics that studies language over a period oftime, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study ofthe Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynastyup to the present.
33、 A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basicprinciple is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It isgenerally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.
34、 The rules that govern which affix can be added towhat type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can beadded to a noun to form an adjective.
35 、 a rewrite rule that allows for the possiblecombinations of words to form phrases and sentences
36、 Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer topairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items. For example, "husband" and"wife", "father" and "son" etc.
37、 Componential analysis is a way proposed by thestructural semanticists to analyze word meaning. Theapproach is based upon the belief that the meaning of aword can be dissected into meaning components, calledsemantic features. For example, the word "man" isanalyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.
38、 Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds ofknowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker andthe hearer, For example, the knowledge of the languageused and the knowledge of the world, including thegeneral knowledge about the world and the specificknowledge about the situation in which linguisticcommunication is taking place.
39、 A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensiveword or expression that replaces a taboo word or servesto avoid more direct wording that might be harsh,unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for"die".
40、 Brain lateralization refers to the localization ofcognitive and perceptual functions in a particularhemisphere of the brain. For example, the righthemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and theleft hemisphere more analytically. In most people, theleft hemisphere has primary responsibility for language,while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatialskills.
五、 论述题（本大题共 2 小题， 每小题 1 0 分， 共 20 分）
41 、 The inventory of sounds can change, and soundchanges include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss,sound addition, and sound movement.
1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone thesystematic and regular change in the vowel sounds,known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at theend of the Middle English period and which involvedseven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to oneof the major discrepancies between the phonemicrepresentations of words and morphemes, i.e. betweenpronunciation and the spelling system of ModernEnglish, e.g.five → /fi:v/(Middle English) →/faiv/(Modern English)
2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss ofphonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night"was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, itspronunciation is /nait/.
3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure wasborrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was addedto the inventory of English sounds. A change thatinvolves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound tothe middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.
4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of soundmovement known as metathesis involves a reversal inposition of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis isless common, but it does exist. In some dialects ofEnglish, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/.Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. Whenmetathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in itsModern English counterpart "bird".
评分标准： 满分为 1 0 分， 总论及四小点各占 2 分。
42、 The acquisition of a second language is dependenton a combination of factors. The rate and ultimatesuccess in SLA are affected not only by learners'experience with optimal input and instruction, but alsoby individual learner factors. The learner factors thathave captured the attention of SLA researchers includeage, motivation, acculturation, and personality:
1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not alwaysaccord with the maxim of "the younger the better." But ithas been demonstrated that adolescents are quickerand more effective L2 learners than young children. Theearly teenagers are good L2 learners because theirflexibility of the language acquisition faculty has notbeen completely lost and their cognitive skills havedeveloped considerably to facilitate the processing oflinguistic features of a new language.
2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a secondlanguage because of a communicative need. If thelearners have a strong instrumental need to learn asecond language or have a strong interest in the way oflife of native speakers of the language they are learning,they are most likely to succeed.
3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires toacculturate to the community of the target language, thefurther he or she will progress along the developmentalcontinuum.
4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learnerslearn more quickly and therefore are more successfulthan the generally reserved ones.
试题（2）
参考答案
一、 单项选择题(每小题 2 分， 共 20 分)
1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B
6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 1 0.B
二、 填空题(每空 1 分， 共 1 0 分)
11 .words question
1 2.social groups
1 3.sentence meaning
1 4.polyglot
1 5.voiceless voiced voiced
三、 判断说明题(每小题 2 分， 共 20 分)
1 6.T
1 7.F(Sense and reference…)
1 8.F(scientific study of language)
1 9.F(finite verb…)
20.F(diachronic)
21.F(no value judgement)
22.T
23.T
24.F(morpheme)
25.F(one of the parts)
四、 名词解释(每小题 3 分， 共 30 分)
26.The study of language as a whole is often calledgeneral linguistics.
27.The phonemic features that occur above the level ofthe segments.
28.The base form of a word; the existing form to whicha derivational affix can be added.
29.The sentence structure that groups words intostructural constituents and shows the syntactic categoriesof each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.
30.The words of a language are labels of the objectsthey stand for; a linguistic form is linked through conceptsto what it refers to.
31.Do not say what you believe to be false or withoutadequate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression andambiguity, be brief and orderly.
32.A process of forming a new word by combining partsof other words.
33.A variety of languages used by a social class.
34.Thought when it is close to language.
35.A comparative procedure to establish linguisticdifferences between languages for teaching purposes.
五、 论述题(每小题 1 0 分， 共 20 分)
36.(1)the hunters are shooting; the hunters are shot;
(2)young men and young women; young men and(not young) women
(3)the president appoints others; the president isappointed.
37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize
un-: not, reverse, e.g. unhappy, unlock
anti-: against, anti- drug, anti-imperialism
super- greater than usual, e.g. superpower,superman
-wise: in the manner of, e.g. clockwise, moneywise
-itis: infection. e.g. bronchitis, arthritis
-ize: make into, e.g. realize, modernize
-age: process. e.g. mileage, linkage
试题（8） 参考答案
一、 单项选择题(本大题共 10 小题， 每小题 2 分， 共 20 分)
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D
6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 1 0.A
二、 填空题(本大题共 10 小题， 每小题 1 分， 共 10 分)
11 .social 12.complementary
1 3.root 14.complex
1 5.complementary 1 6.utterance
1 7.metathesis 18.bilingualism
1 9.lateralization 20.transfer
三、 判断改错题(本大题共 10 小题， 每小题 2 分， 共 20 分)
21.F
The contrary is true. The writing system is always alater invention.
22.T
23.F
Some compounds contain more than two words.
24.T
25.F
It is false because linguistic forms with the samereference might differ in sense. A case in point is the twoexpressions "morning star" and " evening star." They referto the same star but differ in sense.
26.T
27.F
The division of English into Old English, MiddleEnglish, and Modern English is conventional andsomewhat arbitrary.
28.T
29.T
30.F
Children first acquire the sounds found in alllanguages of the world, no matter what language they areexposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult"sounds.
四、 名词解释题(本大题共 10 小题， 每小题 3 分， 共 30 分)
31 .One of the major defining features of humanlanguage.Humans are born with the ability to acquire alanguage, but different from animals, the actual use ofhuman language is not genetically transmitted, rather it isculturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.
32.The limited range of sounds that are used in humanlanguage communication, i.e.the speech sounds.
33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It iscaused by the vibration of the vocal cords.
34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are usedto indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,suchas-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.
35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in thereal world; it is a matter of the relationship between theform and the reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog isbarking," we must be talking about a certain dog known toboth the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actualdog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation isthe reference of the word "dog".
36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words,phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literalmeaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. Forexample, by saying "You have left the door wide open",thelocutionary act performed by the speaker is that he hasuttered all the words and expressed what the wordsliterally mean.
37.A protolanguage is the original form of a languagefamily that has ceased to exist.The proto form can bereconstructed by identifying and comparing similarlinguistic forms with similar meanings across relatedlanguages.
38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of alanguage,often cutting across regional differences. It isspoken mainly by a less privileged population that hasexperienced some form of social isolation, such as racialdiscrimination or segregation.
39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for usein particular speech situations,in contrast to languagevarieties that are associated with the social or regionalgrouping of their customary users. For this reason,registers are also known as situational dialects.
40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to theculture and value system of the second languagecommunity.
五、 论述题(本大题共 2 小题， 每小题 10 分， 共 20 分)
41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituentstructure tree has a hierarchical structure that groupswords into structural constituents and shows the syntacticcategory of each structural constituent, and consequentlyis believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituentrelationship among linguistic elements.
For example, the phrase " the old men andwomen" may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective"old”may modify the noun "men", or the following twonouns "men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tellthis difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituentor tree diagrams analysis can make this differenceclear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageousand informative than linear structure analysis.
The old men and the women the oldmen and the old women
42.From the perspective of psycholinguisticanalysis,language use in terms ofperception,comprehension and production follows acertain pattern which involves the coordination of variouslanguage centers.
When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke'sarea and transferred to Broca's area, which determines thedetails of their form and pronunciation.The appropriateinstructions are then sent to the motor area which controlsthe vocal tract to physically articulate the words.
When we hear something and try tocomprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex istransmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.
When we perceive a visual image,a message issent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visualpattern.
试题（9）参考答案
一、 单项选择题（本大题共 1 0 小题， 每小题 2 分， 共 20分）
1、 C 2、 B 3、 C 4、 B 5、 A 6、 C 7、 C 8、 B 9、 B 1 0、C
二、 填空题（本大题共 1 0 小题， 每小题 1 分， 共 1 0 分）
11 、 facts 12、 sequential 13、 free 1 4、 coordinate 1 5、semantics 1 6、 Cooperative 1 7、 transmission 18、 social 19、subvocal 20、 Interlanguage
三、 判断改错题（本大题共 1 0 小题， 每小题 2 分， 共
20 分）
21、（T）
22、（F） As there is an essential difference between theconsonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind ofobstruction of air in the production of the former, but thereis not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to usethe same criteria in their classification.
23、（F） We cannot always tell by the words a compoundcontains what it means because the meaning of acompound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.
24、（T）
25、（F） The conceptualist view holds that there is nodirect link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. betweenlanguage and the real world; rather, in the interpretation ofmeaning they are linked through the mediation of conceptsin the mind.
26、（T）
27、（F） In first language acquisition children's grammarnever models exactly after the grammar of adult language,because children usually construct their personalgrammars by themselves and generalize rules from thelinguistic information they hear.
28、（T）
29、（T）
30、（F） Instruction and correction are not key factors inchild language development. Linguists have found that forthe vast majority of children, language development occursspontaneously and requires little conscious instruction.Instruction and correction just play a minor role.
四、 名词解释题（本大题共 1 0 小题， 每小题 3 分， 共30 分）
31、 Linguistics that studies language at one particularpoint of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English usedduring Shakespeare's time.
32、 One of the major defining features of humanlanguage. Human language is not restricted by the 'here'and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talkabout anything we want, including what happened in thepast, what is going to happen in the future, what is notexistent in the immediate surroundings and even what weimagine.
33、 A pair of sound combinations which are identical inevery way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.
34、 Affixes added to an existing form to create a newword ,e.g. in-,-er
35、 Syntax is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the sentence structure of language, and it consistsof a set of rules that allow words to be combined with otherwords to form grammatical sentences.
36 、 Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in theirlearning process.
37、 Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between amore specific word and a more general, more inclusiveword. The former is included in the latter. For example, acat is a hyponym of animal.
38、 Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of thesentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract anddecontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of thesentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in theone-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY).
39、 A lingua franca is a variety of language that servesas a medium of communication among groups of people ofdiverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a linguafranca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used bypeople thrown into social contact for various purposes,such as for social or commercial purposes.
40、 Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain,the decision-making organ of the body, receivingmessages from all sensory organs and initiating allvoluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities thatdistinguish humans from other mammals, such assophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability,are believed to reside in the cortex.
五、 论述题（本大题共 2 小题， 每小题 1 0 分， 共 20 分）
41、 Sociological triggers for language change refer tosuch radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions,occupation, colonialization, and language planning andstandardization policies. A typical example in the history ofEnglish is the Norman Conquest, a military event thatmarked the dawning of the Middle English period. Thismeans that Middle English began with the arrival of theNorman French invaders in English under William theConqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half afterthe Norman Conquest, French remained as the languageof the ruling class, as far as literature and administrationwere concerned. So Middle English was deeply influencedby Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. Forexample, such terms as "army," "court," "defense," "faith,""prison" and "tax" came from the language of the Frenchrulers.
评分标准： 满分 1 0 分， 其中定义占 3 分， 典型例子占 5分， 例词占 2 分。
42、 The four main individual learner factors that affecta learner's L2 acquisition are: 1) age, 2) motivation, 3)acculturation, 4) personality.
The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.
Motivation refers to the learner's overall goal ororientation. There are two types of motivation： instrumentalmotivation and integrative motivation. The former occurswhen the learner's goal is functional and the latter occurswhen the learner's goal is social.
Acculturation is the process in which the learner adaptsto the new culture of the L2 community.
Personality is also related to L2 learning. Adult learnerswho are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore aremore successful than introverted learners.
考研《语言学》 试卷
1. Define the following terms:20 points
1) langue
2) parole
3) allophone
4) semantic field
5) cohesion
2.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation betweenany items in the following poem by Lu Xun 10points
岂有豪情似旧时？
花开花落两由之。
何期泪洒江南雨，
又为斯民哭健儿！
3.Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects. Try toexplain their connotations.20 points
4. What can this rule mean in English grammar? 1 0 points[d] ___ [ -id] / [t] ___
5. Define the following sounds in terms of articulatoryfeatures1 0 points
这些音标我打不出来 和往年的差不多 全掌握了 就行
6.Try to tell some of the similarities and differencesbetween English and Chinese nominal constructions.Supply some examples.1 0 points
7.We can use the pattern “it is ……”to emphasize any partof a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if wemust emphasize it ? Please give examples to highlightyour emphasis of any part of this sentence :15pointsI bought a book in the city yesterday.
8. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features
of human language.15 points
9. Observe the following sentences:
老王找到老张， 才找到他的儿子。
老王找到老张， 才找到他自己的儿子。
老王找到老张， 才找到自己的儿子。
老王找到老张， 才找到儿子。
Which sentence is clear in its meaning? Which one isunclear? Try to explain why. Point out some features of theChinese language.1 0points
10.Discuss the following 2 sentences, and tell why we canassign different values to the year of fifteen:10 points Sheis already fifteen, and yet she is crying over such a smallthing.
She has done it very well; she is only fifteen, you know.
11.What can linguistics do for language learning andteaching? (10 points)
12.Determiner Phrase (DP) is the name newly given to theNP in generative grammar. A DP can be a form like
1)a book;
2)the book;
3)books;
4)o book.
This name may be better than the old name of NP in that itreminds us of sth when we (Chinese speakers) learn orteach English. Do you agree to this? Try to tell anythingsignificant here. (1 0 points)
