初中英语语法知识清单
一．名词 I. 名词的种类：
专有名词 普通名词 不可数名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 国名.地名.人名，节日，可数名词 日期，书名，电影名，团个体名词 体.机构名称 II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
规则 1 2 一般情况在词尾加-s 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 变-f和-fe为v再加-es 以-f或-fe结尾的3 词 加-s gulfs 4 5 结尾的，加-s hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-一般加-es tomatoes 以辅音字母加-o6 结尾的名词 不少外来词加-s solos 两者皆可 7 8 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 以-th结尾的名词加-s zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以ytoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-wives 例词 map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife- 1
2. 不规则名词复数：
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
规则 1 2 3 4 5 作复数（成员） government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), 6 复数形式表示特别含义 drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 加-s 表示“某单复数同形 7 国人” 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-Englishmen, Frenchwomen men,-women 将主体名词变为复数 合成名无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复8 词 数 将两部分变为复数 III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：
单数名词在末尾加’s 一般在末尾加’ 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, women singers, men servants grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 单复数相同 只有复数形式 contents 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 例词 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, 2
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 略 2. ’s所有格的用法：
１ 2 3 4 5 6 7 表示时间 表示自然现象 表示国家城市等地方的名词 表示工作群体 表示度量衡及价值 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定词组 3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法：
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 1 2 3 4 5 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 表示“每一”相当于every，one 表示“相同”相当于the same 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A plane is a machine that can fly. A boy is waiting for you. We study eight hours a day. We are nearly of an age. A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 3
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, 6 7 8 用于固定词组中 many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 II. 定冠词的用法：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 前 9 10 11 12 组前 III. 零冠词的用法：
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名1 词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等2 限制 3 4 5 6 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 表示某一类人或物 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 用于乐器前面 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 The horse is a useful animal. the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean Would you mind opening the door? play the violin, play the guitar the reach, the living, the wounded the Greens, the Wangs He is the taller of the two children. 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French The compass was invented in China. in the 1990’s I hired the car by the hour. He patted me on the shoulder. 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 用于表示单位的名词前 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? March, Sunday, National Day, spring Lincoln was made President of America. He likes playing football/chess. by train, by air, by land 4
7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night Horses are useful animals. 8 表示泛指的复数名词前
三．代词：
I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： 人称1 代词 宾格 物主2 代词 名词性 3 反身代词 4 指示代词 5 疑问代词 6 关系代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a 7 不定代词 little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
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2020年 新人教版 初中英语语法知识清单(打印背记版)
