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专题9 名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。考查的要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用,主语、谓语的语序,双重连接词以及特殊句型的使用等。其考点主要包括:
1.考查名词性从句的连接词。如:有词义的连接代词who, whose, whom, what, which; 连接副词when, where, why, how; 从属连词that, whether, if, as if; 无词义的that在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。
2.考查名词性从句的语序和时态。
3.考查it作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。如:
(1)It+be+形容词(necessary, important, obvious等)+that从句. (2)It+be+过去分词+that从句.
(3)It+be+名词(a surprise, a fact, a shame, an honour等)+that从句. (4)It+不及物动词(appear, happen等)+that从句. 4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气。如:
(1)It is (was)+ essential (important, natural…) +that…; (2)It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired…)that…等。
5.what引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。如:what=the thing that/anything that…; what=the place that…; what=the time that…; what=the person that…等。
6.whoever,whatever,whichever引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。
一、几种易混的从句的辨别
定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句有时候在形式上很相似,下面提供一些区分的方法: 1.定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容的。that在定语从句中充当句子成分,可指物或人;而同位语从句中的that在从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。请比较:
(1)The news (that/which) he told us was exciting.
(定语从句,that/which在从句中作宾语,还可以被省略)
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(2)The news that our team has won is exciting.
(同位语从句,that从句是说明news的内容的,that在从句中不作任何成分,但不能被省略) 辨析
判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法,即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词,如果句子意思成立,则是同位语从句,否则,则是定语从句。如上面第二句,加上be动词后:
The news is that our team has won.句子意思成立,所以是同位语从句。而第一句,加上be动词后: The news is that he told us.意思不成立,因此不是同位语从句。 【特别提醒】
一般情况下,同位语从句紧跟在它所说明的名词的后面,可是有的时候,为了表达的需要,名词与从句之间被另外一些内容分隔开了,叫做“分隔同位语从句”。对于这类同位语从句,一定要根据句意,找准它所说明的名词。
2.定语从句与状语从句 请看两组句子:
第一组:区分such...as...和such...that...
(1)The new storybook is written in such easy English as beginners can understand. (2)The new storybook is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.
这两句话只有一词之差,但语法结构大相径庭:第一句是as引导的定语从句,as相当于that/which(但不能用that/which),在从句中作understand的宾语。第二句是结果状语从句,that在从句中不作成分。
结论:当从句缺少句子成分时,用such...as...;当从句不缺少句子成分时,用such...that...。 第二组:选用in which, where填空
(1)He left the key ______ he had been an hour before. (2)He left the place ______ he lived for many years.
分析:第一句只能填where, where引导的是地点状语从句,修饰主句中的谓语动词。此处where不可换成in which,因为in which只能引导定语从句,本句中根本就没有先行词(后面的从句不是修饰key的)。
第二句填where或in which。根据句意可知,后面的句子是对名词place的修饰,因此此句是定语从句。 二、that与what的区别
that引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,that本身无意义,只起连接作用。what引导名词性从句时,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等,what表示“……的东西或事情”。请比较:
What I need is more time.(what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)
That I need more time to do the work is very clear.(that引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分)
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The village is no longer what it used to be.(what引导表语从句,在从句中作表语) I had no idea what we should do next.(what引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语) He will tell us what he saw in London.(what引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语) 精析
名词性从句中区分that与what的关键是:分析句子结构,看从句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分,就用that,如果缺少句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等),且表示“……的东西或事情”就用what。
三、who, whoever与no matter who的区别
引导名词性从句,在句中作主语时用who,意思是“谁”,含有疑问意味,whoever意为“无论谁”,不含有疑问意味。whoever在引导名词性从句时,相当于anyone who,其中who引导一个定语从句紧随其后。
另外,whoever还可以引导让步状语从句,这时whoever相当于no matter who,但是no matter who只能引导让步状语从句。请比较:
1.Who has taken away my bag is unknown.
谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用whoever显然句意不通) 2.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
无论谁违反法律都要受到惩罚。(whoever表达的语气强烈) 3.I'm not going to let you in, no matter who you are. =I'm not going to let you in, whoever you are.
(根据句意“我不会让你进去的,不管你是谁”,后面是一个让步状语从句,故用no matter who或者whoever)
【特别提醒】
wh-ever既可引导名词性从句,又可引导让步状语从句。引导名词性从句时,whoever=anyone who; whomever=any-one whom; whatever=anything that; whichever=anything/anyone that; whosever=any one whose。
Whichever he likes will be given to him.=Anything that he likes will be given to him. 无论他想要哪个都可以给他。
You should give the book back to whosever name(=anyone whose name) is on the cover of it. 你该把书还给任何一个他的名字在封面上的人。 【方法技巧】
做题时,具体思路如下:①通读全句,首先考虑是不是某种句型,如强调句型;②题干句若是疑问句,首先把它恢复为正常语序;③观察设空的前前后后,确定相关从句的性质;④确定从句性质后,回忆相关
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从句的用法特点,从而作出取舍;⑤注意标点符号和并列连词(and, but)的作用;⑥将选项代入句子,看前后是否语意贯通。
高频考点一、考查宾语、表语从句
例1. (2018·天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to ________ wins the first place in the bicycle race. A.whomever
B.wherever
C.whoever D.whatever 【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句的引导词。句意:金牌将会被颁发给在自行车比赛中获得第一的任何选手。本空需要连接词引导宾语从句,连接词在从句中作主语,指人,同时根据句意可知,应用whoever“……的任何人,无论谁”引导这个宾语从句。
【变式探究】(2017·江苏) We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of ____________ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how 【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句。"half of _________ it used to charge"是$20的同位语,即原来价格的一半是现在的$20;另外,of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语,所以,这里是宾语从句;宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语,所以用what来引导宾语从句,并充当宾语从句的宾语,故选C。
【感悟提升】
1.what引导名词性从句的五种用法: (1)表示“……的东西或事情”: They’ve done what they can to help her. 他们已经尽力帮助了她。 He saves what he earns. 他赚多少,积蓄多少。 (2)表示“……的人或的样子”: He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子了。 Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?
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是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的? (3)表示“……的数量或数目”:
Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。
The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation. 现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。 (4)表示“……时间”:
After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. 似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。
The young girl was too frightened to speak,standing there for what seemed like hours. 小女孩吓得不敢说话,大概在那儿站了几个小时。 (5)表示“……的地方”:
This is what they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。
In 1492,Columbus reached what is now called America.1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。 2.what 与that引导名词性从句时的区别:两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句。that 可引导同位语从句,但 what 通常不用于引导同位语从句;what 可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语,意为“什么”或“所……的”,而 that 仅起连接作用,本身没有实际意义,在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略,如果有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句,第一个从句的引导词that可以省略,其余的不能省略)。
He doesn’t know what she likes. 他不知道她喜欢什么。
I believe (that) he will come to see us. 我相信他会来看我们的。 I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
【变式探究】The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust. A. what 【答案】B
【解析】句意:雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完全不再受到沙尘的困扰。is后跟从句作表语,即表语从句,表语从句不缺少主语、谓语和宾语,因此用that,that只起引导作用,故选B。
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B. that C. whether D. why