过去分词作定语、表语和宾语补足语作用与用法
过去分词:表示完成和被动的动作, 具有形容词.副词的作用 主要形式:done,have done, had done 可作成分:定语,表语,宾语补足语和状语 1.定语:
表示分词的动作与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系,或指一个动作的完成。 1)单一过去分词做定语——被修饰的名词之前(除了不定代词something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody,those...) E.g. It was the lost cat.
=It was the cat which had lost.
Nothing reported ( in the newspaper) interested him.
2)过去分词短语作定语——被修饰的名词之后
单个过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以转换为一个定语从句
E.g. People addicted to drugs are dangerous.=People who are addicted to drugs are dangerous.
This is a novel written by Luxun.=This is a novel which is written by Luxun. 【点拨】过去分词和与其相关的名词、代词之间构成一种\动宾关系\,即\被动态\。过去分词作定语,主要说明\业已完成的动作\或是\一个在以前某个未知时间发生的动作\。 More examples:
They reduced the number of animals used in experiments. 他们减少了用于试验的动物数量
What’s the language spoken in that country?那个国家讲的是什么语言? Is there anything planned for tonight?今晚有什么活动吗?
They are problems left over by history?他们是历史遗留下来的问题 Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in green. 突然出现一个穿绿衣服的青年女子
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注意:过去分词和现在分词作定语一样,它的完成时(have done, had done)不能做定语。
3) 其它常见的过去分词作定语的固定搭配: guided missle导弹 armed forces武装力量 cooked food熟食 boiled water开水 frozen food冷冻食品 canned food罐头食品 fried eggs煎鸡蛋 smoked fish 熏鱼 finished products成品 dried fruit果干 required courses必修课 printed matter印刷品 written English书面英语 mixed feelings混杂情绪 4)表示完成的过去分词作定语:
faded flowers萎谢的花 fallen leaves落叶 escaped prisoners逃犯 deceased wife亡妻 departed friends离去的朋友 a retired professor退休的教授 new arrived visitors新到的客人 a dated map过时的地图 2.表语:
过去分词作表语,表示主语的状态且该状语通常是由外界因素引起的,这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词,是形容词化的过去分词
1)通常放在系动词be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel,become, get, turn, grow, fall, go, come,stay, keep, remain,seem, appear turn out, prove (证明是,结果是)等后面
常见的这种过去分词有:be interested, be surprised, be astonished, be amazed, be moved, be exhausted, be worried, be devoted, be pleased, be inspired, be encouraged, be excited, be delighted, be satisfied, be scared, be frightened, be disappointed
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I'm interested in reading novels, written (非限制性定语)by Jin Yong. 我对金庸的小说很感兴趣.
2)若不是这些词,用作表语的过去分词被动意味也很弱,主要表示
动作的完成和状态,此时相当于一个形容词,或表示被动,所以句子主语为 动作的承受者,后面常跟by短语。 ① The glass is broken.
The glass was broken by Tom. ② The windows are closed. The windows are closed by Jack.
3.宾语补足语
英语中有些动词,除了有一个直接宾语外,还要有一个宾语补足语,句子才完整。过去分词作宾补,表示该动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,它对宾补作进一步的补充说明。
1)作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语之间的关系
> 及物动词的过去分词用作宾语补足语时,宾语即是过去分词的逻辑宾语,宾语和过去分词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。 E.g.: I want the letter posted.
> 少数不及物动词如 find, go, change, fall 等的过去分词作宾语补足语时,仅表示动作完成。因此,宾语与过去分词之间不存在逻辑上的被动关系。 E.g.: She found her necklace gone on her way home.
> 动词 seat, hide, dress 等的过去分词作宾语补足语一般表示处于某种状态而不表示被动的意义,因此,虽然宾语与它们存在逻辑上的主动关系,但也只能用它们的过去分词作宾语补足语。
E.g.: When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner.
2)需用过去分词作宾语补足语的情况
> 表示“意欲;命令”的动词如 like, want, wish, order 等,可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
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E.g.: The father wants his daughter learnt the piano.
> 感官动词 see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find 等后,可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
E.g.:I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now.
> 使役动词 have, get, make, leave, keep 等后,可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
E.g.: Have you got your films developed?
> “with +宾语+过去分词”结构中,过去分词用作介词 with 的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。例如: E.g.: The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. E.g. :With water heated, we can see the steam. E.g. :With the matter settled, we all went home.
注意:在这一结构中,当宾语为某一身体部位,且作宾补的动词是及物动词时,身体部位通常是过去分词的逻辑宾语,因而过去分词不可换用现在分词。 E.g.: She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face.
当用某些不及物动词的分词形式作身体部位的宾补时,用现在分词的形式。 E.g. :She felt her heart beating fast.
3)掌握“使役动词 have + 宾语+过去分词”的几种含义
在“ have +宾语+过去分词”结构中,过去分词作宾语补足语,have 也可用 get 。这一结构具有以下几种含义: 1. 意为“主语请别人做某事”。
E.g.: He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow. 2. 意为“主语遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不测的事情”。 E.g.: Be careful, or you'll have your hands hurt.
3. 意为“使完成某事”,事情既可以是别人做完,也可以由主语参与完成。 E.g.: He had the walls painted this morning.
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4.作状语
过去分词作状语表示被动或完成,但有些过去分词(短语)因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表动作而表状态。
这样的过去分词(短语)常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); absorbed in (全神贯注于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)等。如:
Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound. 因为沉浸在思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
过去分词作状语来源于状语从句,在句中一般能作五种状语,即时间、原因、条件、让步和方式状语。如:
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了。 (Caught in a heavy rain 相当于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain)
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。
(Grown in rich soil相当于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil)。 表示伴随情况或方式:
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 训练员出现了,后面跟着六条小狗。
He walked up and down the room, lost in thought. 他在屋子时走来走去,陷入了沉思。
When heated, ice can be changed into water.(时间) 冰加热时变成水。 注意:
①当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,才可以把从句的主语省略,且省略掉的主语与其逻辑谓语是被动关系或如第一段中所讲的表示状态。
②把状语从句改为过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语,即“while (when, once, until, if, though等连词)+过去分词”结构。如:
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
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