自考英语词汇学 部分
章节 重点归纳
English Lexicology
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《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构
Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)
Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.
Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)
Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.
Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.
Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，
Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)
Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.
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Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.
Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).
Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.
Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.
Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)
6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）
1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.
An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.
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2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):
diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).
3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)
1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .
2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的 shifts.
6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）
6.2.1Types of homonyms
1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.
2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning . 3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms 1. Change in sound and spelling. 2. Borrowing. 3. Shortening.
6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别) They are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. 1)Form 形式 One and same word homonyms different words （share form） The fundamental difference 最根本的区别 2)Etymology 词源 3)Semantic relatedness 语义相关性 same source Correlated 相关的 Different sources unrelated 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除 谢谢4
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4) In dictionaries 字典上 All meanings listed under one headword(词条) Separate entries 6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)
6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分
1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.
2.同义词的2个分类
1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.
2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.
3.同义词的4个来源 1) Borrowing. (外来词)
2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法) 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)
4.同义词的辨析（3个区分） 1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)
2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words) (内涵意义) 3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）
6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系） 1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词 1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness
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自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology教程文件
