2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the exploration of cyber-crime that has __1__ across the Web. Can privacy be preserved __2__ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly __3__ ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's cyber-czar, offered the federal government a __4__ to make the web a safer place-a \tech __5__ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled __6__ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential __7__ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to __8__ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could __9__ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license __10__ by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these \that make it possible for users to __11__ just once but use many different services. __12__ , the approach would create a \garden\in cyberspace, with safe \Mr. Schmidt described it as a \can complete online transactions with __14__ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure ___15___ which the transaction runs. \Still, the administration's plan has ___16___ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would ___17___ be a compulsory Internet \The plan has also been greeted with ___18__ by some computer security experts, who worry that the \__19__ They argue that all Internet users should be __20__ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1. [A] swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] ridden 2. [A] for [B] within [C] while [D] though 3. [A] careless [B] lawless [C] pointless [D] helpless 4. [A] reason [B] reminder [C] compromise [D] proposal 5. [A] information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D] equivalent 6. [A] by [B] into [C] from [D] over 7. [A] linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared 8. [A] dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve
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9. [A] recall 10. [A] released 11. [A] carry on 12. [A] In vain 13. [A] trusted 14. [A] caution 15. [A] on 16. [A] divided 17. [A] frequently 18. [A] skepticism 19. [A] manageable 20. [A] invited [B] suggest [B] issued [B] linger on [B] In effect [B] modernized [B] delight [B] after
[B] disappointed [B] incidentally [B] tolerance [B] defendable [B] appointed [C] select [C] distributed [C] set in [C] In return [C] thriving [C] confidence [C] beyond [C] protected [C] occasionally [C] indifference [C] vulnerable [C] allowed [D] realize [D] delivered [D] log in [D] In contrast [D] competing [D] patience [D] across [D] united [D] eventually [D] enthusiasm [D] invisible [D] forced
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs' board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Mrs. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Mrs. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those %under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they \
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firms.
But the researches believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news break, even if a review of history shows that they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for __________________. [A] gaining excessive profits [B] failing to fulfill her duty
[C] refusing to make compromises [D] leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be __________________.
[A] generous investors [B] unbiased executives [C] share price forecasters [D] independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director' s surprise departure, the firm is likely to __________________. [A] become more stable [B] report increased earnings
[C] do less well in the stock market [D] perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors __________________. [A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm [C] are accustomed to stress -free work in the firm [D] will decline incentives from the firm
25. The author' s attitude toward the role of outside directors is __________________. [A] permissive [B] positive [C] scornful [D] critical
Text 2
Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled comer of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
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英语二2011年真题及答案
