句子成分
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。
主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。
可以作主语的词性或语法结构：
1.名词2.代词3.数词4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式6.动名词7.主语从句等表示。
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
We often speak English in class.
One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor.
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isn’t at home is not true.
改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因。
He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.
Beyond the mountains lie a small village.
Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. Play basketball is my favorite sport. Give up English is not an option.
谓语
谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. 复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.
I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day.
由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如： We are students.
Your idea sounds great.
表语
表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours?
The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting.
Three times seven is twenty one. His job is to teach English. His hobbyis playing football.
The machine must be under repairs.
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
宾语
宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。
They planted many trees yesterday.
(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car.
I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that）he is fit for his office.
宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in.
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.
We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now. I want your homework done on time.
主补
对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。 He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“??的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的。
The next man is a scientist.
1.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。
The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人） 2.副词用作定语一般要后置。
People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)
He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人） 3.介词短语作定语时要后置。
The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）
4.现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。
I have something to say. (我有要说的话)
The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）
The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）
The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs.
The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.
Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.
There are many clothes to be washed.
Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.
Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.
状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。 He writes carefully. He walks slowly.
(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语) This material is environmentally friendly. （修饰形容词用副词，作状语） He runs very slowly.
（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语） Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）
状语按意义分类
在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。
指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。 1.How about meeting again at six? 2.Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3.Last nightshe didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
4.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
7.To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
8.The boy needs a pen very much.
9.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 10.She works very hard though she is old. 11.I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”） It’s good to us students.
选择正确答案，并说出句中哪个是同位语。 1.The young man,______,works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me
2.Our English teacher,______, often helps us with study. A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wang’s. D. of him
3.______, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train. A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs
简单句的五种基本结构
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 英语五种基本句型结构如下：
① Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
② Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
③ Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） ④ Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） ⑤ Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 主语（subject） 谓语（predicate） 宾语（object） 定语（attribute） 状语(adverbial) 补语（complement） 表语（predicative）
基本句型一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: Time flies. (Ｓ Ｖ)
It is raining now. (Ｓ Ｖ)
We’ve worked for 5 hours. (Ｓ Ｖ)
分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )
Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( ) He is smiling all over his face. ( )
基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。 He fell ill yesterday. His advice proved right.
The shop stays open till 8 o’clock. The machine went wrong.
常见的系动词 1.状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。 2.持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：
He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。
The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。 He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。
3.表“像”系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如：
Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。 He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。 4.感官系动词：主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”, smell“闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来”。
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5.变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。 He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。
Eggs go bad easily in summer.蛋夏天容易变坏。 His face went red.他的脸变红了。
What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。 Still waters run deep.静水流深。
6.终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意。如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果） What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong. 他预言的结果是错的。
用下画线画出下列句中的系动词。 His advice proved right.
The shop stays open till 8 o’clock. The machine went wrong. All these efforts seem in vain. Trees turn green in spring. What you said sounds great.
系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语 He is a student. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)
Your idea sounds great. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)
在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词
要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要和系动词一起作谓语。 改错：
①Our school very beautiful and we like it very much. ②Your book on the desk.
基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。如： She likes English.
We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.
用下画线画出下列句中的宾语。
People all over the world speak English. Jim cannot dress himself.
All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. He did not know what to say. He just wanted to stay at home.
He practices speaking English every day.
基本句型四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给”，pass“递”，bring“带”，show“显示”。这两个宾语通常一
个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。 如：He gave me a cup of tea. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ) 强调间接宾语顺序为：
动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如： He gave a cup of tea to me..
常跟双宾语的及物动词有：
（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。
（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。 一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make。
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She bought John a book. = She bought a book for John.
分析下列句子成分，说出间接宾语和直接宾语。 She ordered herself a new dress.
She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing.
基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
The war made him a soldier.（ＳＶＯＣ“他成为一个士兵”，构成逻辑上的主谓关系）
New methods make the job easy. （ＳＶＯＣ） I often find him at work. （ＳＶＯＣ） I saw a cat running across the road.
分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。
1. They appointed him manager. （ ） 2. They painted the door green. （ ） 3. He pushed the door open. （ ）
4. They found the house deserted. （ ） 5. What makes him think so? （ ） 6. We saw him out. （ ）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ） 8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）
there be 句型
此句型是由“there + be + 主语 + 状语”构成，用以表达“存在有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于
谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词（也有看作形式
主语的），并无实际意义。
be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和数的变化。可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。表示存在有，但表意要更具体一些。如：
There is a book and two pens on the desk. There are two pens and a book on the desk.
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for “help”. There exists no air on the moon. There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill.
1.______a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work. A. It existed B. There existed C. They had D. There had
2.______ a beautiful palace ______ the foot of the hill. A. There stand; at B. There stands; under C. Stands there; under D. There stands; at 答案：B, D
there be 与have 的区别 there be …“某地有某物，某时有某事”；have 表示“某人拥有某物”。 改错：
There has a book on the desk.
There will have a meeting this evening.
答案：①把has改为is; ②把have改为be。 提示：没有there have这种表示“有”的方法。
I’ll have my bike repaired. These words sound reasonable. He showed me how to run the machine. I gave my car a wash.
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. The room soon became crowded. Don’t keep the lights burning. I showed him my pictures. I told him that the bus was late. We elected him monitor. I did well in English.
The days are getting longer and longer.
简单句、并列句和复合句
英语句子成分和基本句型
