For time is just this — number of motion in respect of ‘before’ and ‘after’.
—— Physics, IV.11
der Zeitph?nomenlogie
时间现象学
PythagorasAristotle
(570 BC~ 495 BC)(384 BC~ 322 BC)
Albert Einstein(1879~1955)
The experiences of an individual appear to us arranged in a series of events; in this series the single events which we remember appear to be ordered according to the criterion of \and \There exists, therefore, for the individual, an 1-time, or subjective time. This in itself is not measurable. I can, indeed, associate numbers with the events, in such a way that a greater number is associated with the late event than with an earlier one; but the nature of this association may be quite arbitrary. This association I cam define by means of a clock by comparing the order of events furnished by the clock with the order of the given series of events.
——The Meaning of Relativity, 1921
Tempus absolutum verum & Mathematicum, in se & natura sua absq; relatione ad externum quodvis, ?quabiliter fluit, alioq; nomine dicitur Duratio;relativum apparens & vulgare est sensibilis & externa qu?vis Durationis per motum mensura, (seu accurata seu in?quabilis) qua vulgus vice veri temporis utitur; ut Hora, Dies, Mensis, Annus.
—— Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Isaac Newton（1642~1726）
Die Zeit ist nicht gleichsam ein Beh?lter, worin alles wie in einen Strom gestellt ist, der flie?t und von dem es fortgerissen und hinuntergerissen wird.
时间并不象一个容器，一切东西都被置于其中，像在流逝的江河中一样被席卷而去。
—— Enzyklop?die der philosophischen Wissenschaften II
G. W. F. Hegel（1770~1831）
Flux , Moment & Fluxion:
e.g. x2
Moment of x : oxFlux of x2 : (x+ox)2 -x2Fluxion of x2：
22
(x?ox)?x2
ox?0,(x)??
ox
(x2)??2x?ox
ox?0,(x)??2x
2
Perhaps it may be objected, that there is no ultimate proportion, of evanescent quantities; because the proportion, before the quantities have vanished, is not the ultimate, and when they are vanished, is none. But by the same argument, it may be alledged, that a body arriving at a certain place, and there stopping, has no ultimate velocity: because the velocity, before the body comes to the place, is not its ultimate velocity; when it has arrived, is none. But the answer is easy; for by the ultimate velocity is meant that with which the body is moved, neither before it arrives at its last place and the motion ceases, nor after, but at the very instant it arrives; that is, that velocity with which the body arrives at its last place, and with which the motion ceases.......
I should happen to mention quantities as least, or evanescent, or ultimate, you are not to suppose that quantities of any determinate magnitude are meant, but such as are conceived to be always diminished without end.
—— The Principia, Book I, Scholium of Section 1
?Measure & Cycle
物莫非指，而指非指。天下无指，物无可以谓物。
——《公孙龙子·指物论第三》
Esse est percipi
Bishop George Berkeley
(1685~1753)
—— A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowled
ge, Part 1.3, 1710
And what are these Fluxions? The Velocities of evanescent Increments? And what are these same evanescent Increments? They are neither finite Quantities nor Quantities infinitely small, nor yet nothing. May we not call them the ghosts of departed quantities?—— The Analyst, subtitled a discourse addressed to an Infidel Mathematician, Wherein it is examined whether the Object, Principles, and Inferences of the modern Analysis are more distinctly conceived, or more evidently deduced, than Religious Mysteries and Points of Fait
h，1734
Ch.20. What now is clear and plain is, that neither things to come nor past are. Nor is it properly said, \yet perchance it might be properly said, \ree times; a present of things past, a present of things present, and a present of things future.\hree do exist in some sort, in the soul, but otherwhere do I not see them; present of things past, memory; present of things present, sight; present of things future, expectation.
Ch.26.Whence it seemed to me, that time is nothing else than protraction; but of what, I know not; and I marvel, if it be not of the mind itself?
Ch.27. It is in thee, my mind, that I measure times.—— The Confessions of Saint Augustine, Book XI
St. Augustine and Illumination Philippe de Champaigne,1645~1650
天行见物理：西汉历法中的时间、周期和宇宙观念
