天行见物理
西汉历法中的时间、周期和宇宙观念
Outline
§1 Quid est tempus? 流动与次序·度量与周期§2 太初改历:
从“四分历”到“八十一分律历”§3 以律起历:
毕达哥拉斯与刘歆的“完美宇宙”主要参考文献与推荐阅读
天行有常,不为尧存,不为桀亡。——《荀子·天论》高怀见物理,识者安肯哂。——杜甫《赠郑十八贲》苏州石刻天文图(南宋黄裳)
§1 Quid est tempus?流动与次序·度量与周期
Quid faciebat deus antequam faceret caelum et terram?(What was God doing before he made heaven and earth?)
Apologist: Latin Father & Rationalism
Quid est ergo tempus? Si nemo ex me quaerat, scio; si quaerenti explicare velim, nescio.(What, then, is time? If no one ask of me, I know; if I wish to explain to him who asks, I know not.)
—— Confessiones,XISaint Augustine of Hippo
(354~430)
当我沉默着的时候,我觉得充实;我将开口,同时感到空虚。
—— 《野草·题辞》,1927
?Flow & Order
子在川上曰:逝者如斯夫,不舍晝夜
—— 《論語·子罕》
孔子
(551 BC~479 BC)
Π?ντα ρει (Everything flows)
Π?ντα χωρε? κα? ο?δ?ν μ?νει......δ?? ?? τ?ν α?τ?ν ποταμ?ν ο?κ ?ν ?μβα?η?万物皆流,无物常住......你无法两次踏入同一条河流
Heraclitus(535BC~475BC)
Platon
(427 BC~347 BC)
—— Platon's Cratylus
今日适越而昔来
—— 惠施 “历物十事” 《庄子·杂篇·天下》王先谦《庄子集解》注:宣(颖)云:知有越时,心已先到
下念涕而然愴獨悠後之地天者前來見不人古見不
庄周与惠施
陈子昂
(659~702)
I shall use the phrase “time's arrow” to express this one-way property of time which has no analogue in space.
—— Arthur Stanley Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World, 1928
Thermodynamic arrow of time/Cosmological arrow of time ......