stressed that promoting the comprehensive revitalization should focus on economic construction as the central focus with, pay special attention to grasp the implementation of five development concepts, deepening reform and promoting the all-round opening up, ensuring and improving people's livelihood, strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, \s\development mix. To with new development concept measure work, and command action, and training cadres, in implement implementation new development concept in the looking for opportunities, and build highlights, and expand advantage; to full deepening reform, break bound the aspects created vitality of system mechanism obstacles; to active advance full aspects opening, participation \he cast Russian Economic Corridor\o guarantees and improved livelihood, strongly won poverty battle; to strengthening ecological civilization construction, for sustainable development reserved space, for future generations left sky blue, and to green, and water clear of better homes. We must in-depth implement implementation new development concept, insisted to economic construction for Center, firmly caughtdevelopment this first priority, absorbed make construction, heart no distractions caught development, speed up development \, in-depth implementation \big engineering\o big environment\of a article quality more high, and benefits better, and structure more excellent of transformation development of road. To strengthen ecological construction. On March 22, the deep restructuring examined and adopted the opinion on perfecting compensation mechanism of ecological protection, proposed to explore the establishment of diversified ecological compensation mechanism, progressive realization of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other areas of focus and key ecological function and other important regional ecological compensation coverage, the ecological advantages of the region will be further highlighted. We need to go green eco-building, as the essential policy, in strict accordance with the State of main function region construction requirements, careful implementation and Xiaoxing ' an mountains forest ecological protection and economic restructuring plan for the construction of sky blue, ... Acts prohibited by picking up the remaining wells in standing timber. To focus on forest resource conservation, increase the acquisition and supervision of cold storage, no buy fruit, encourage support to leading enterprises, workers ' cooperatives as a unit, the contract management of forest resources, the rational protection and utilization of resources. To work actively towards policy aimd from the level of the State Forestry Administration formulated regulations to protect forest resources as soon as possible to achieve law and regulation to protect forest resources. Should focus on forest fire prevention. Fire safety is the first priority余的尺寸基准则为辅助基准，以便于加工和测量。辅助基准都有尺寸与主要基准相联系。 五、公差与配合
在成批量生产、装配机器时，要求一批相配合的零件只要按图样加工出来，不经选择而装配，就能达到设计要求和使用要求。零件间的这种性质称为互换性。零件具有互换性后，大大简化了零、部件的制造和维修工作，使产品的生产周期缩短，生产率提高，成本降低。 公差与配合的概念 1) 公差
如果要零件制造加工的尺寸绝对准确，实际上是做不到的。但是为了保证零件的互换性，设计时根据零件的使用要求而制定的允许尺寸的变动量，称为尺寸公差，简称公差。公差的数值愈小,即允许误差的变动范围越小,则越难加工 2) 形状和位置公差（简称形位公差）的概念
经过加工的零件表面，不仅有尺寸误差，同时也产生形状和位置误差。这些误差不但降低了零件的精度，同时也会影响使用性能。因此，国家标准规定了零件表面的形状和位置公差，简称形位公差。
误差
尺寸误差 形状误差 位置误差
规定参数量
允许变动范围
尺寸公差
公差 形状公差 位置公差
(1) 形位公差特征项目的符号 如表2所示
the first responsibility of the forest, 26th spring area has fully deployed to the fire, has now entered the fire, we have to be on duty, and defend. Determined to overcome paralysis, must not \he past, the reduced requirements during the period. To apply strictly the party with the responsibility, must shoulder the responsibility of the Party Secretary in particular, really practice pipes, it can never shuaishouzhanggui, be sure to layer the implementation falls fire responsibility, to ensure that no major forest fires. o adhere to balanced, correctly handle the relationship between fire and project construction, industrial development, to \o speed up the development of six major industries. Promote development in our region, the key is to give full play to resource advantage to build eco-oriented \create the new engine of economic growth. Firm confidence. Practice has proved that the \central and provincial requirements, and meet the actual da hinggan mountains, through active efforts have been showing a strong momentum of development. So, in the \development, we must be firm in faith, go all out, perseverance, one caughtin the end, convinced that Castle is not relaxed, does not reach the target will never give up. Should focus on industrial projects. Project is to accelerate the industrial development of important support and backing. Industrial project construction, my area there are few in number, small size, low level problems. This year, the project as his party has \have to work hard to project construction. Especially effective during short, catching project shall not, slow, dragging not allowed. All localities should conscientiously implement the project leadership system, timetable, roadmap, and coordinate services, tracking the whole process forward, inverted durations, speeding up progress and seek practical results. Poised to break the project build Set challenges, to accelerate the pace of preliminary formalities, the enterprises have difficulties to pull one way and also help in a timely manner to help businesses market, enhance confidence, urging work as soon as possible. To strengthen the project analysis, proper risk analysiand improve project success rates. (Specific to the XX, we still want to make good use of agricultural advantages, relying on the upper reaches of the forest in the fresh air and XXX pure wateand other resources, create high-quality, high-grade green food brands, truly reflect the original character. Meanwhile, adhere to the project as the breakthrough to promote economic development around the \cial attention to forming projects, dig potential projects, focus on key projects, actively cultivating the new leading industries and new sources of economic growth). To promote investment. More accurate professional business, and based my industrial base and resources, aimed at national industrial layoutstressed that promoting the comprehensive revitalization should focus on economic construction as the central focus with, pay special attention to grasp the implementation of five development concepts, deepening reform and promoting the all-round opening up, ensuring and improving people's livelihood, strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, \s\development mix. To with new development concept measure work, and command action, and training cadres, in implement implementation new development concept in the looking for opportunities, and build highlights, and expand advantage; to full deepening reform, break bound the aspects created vitality of system mechanism obstacles; to active advance full aspects opening, participation \he cast Russian Economic Corridor\o guarantees and improved livelihood, strongly won poverty battle; to strengthening ecological civilization construction, for sustainable development reserved space, for future generations left sky blue, and to green, and water clear of better homes. We must in-depth implement implementation new development concept, insisted to economic construction for Center, firmly caughtdevelopment this first priority, absorbed make construction, heart no distractions caught development, speed up development \-depth implementation \big engineering\o big environment\of a article quality more high, and benefits better, and structure more excellent of transformation development of road. To strengthen ecological construction. On March 22, the deep restructuring examined and adopted the opinion on perfecting compensation mechanism of ecological protection, proposed to explore the establishment of diversified ecological compensation mechanism, progressive realization of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other areas of focus and key ecological function and other important regional ecological compensation coverage, the ecological advantages of the region will be further highlighted. We need to go green eco-building, as the essential policy, in strict accordance with the State of main function region construction requirements, careful implementation and Xiaoxing ' an mountains forest ecological protection and economic restructuring plan for the construction of sky blue, ... Acts prohibited by picking up the remaining wells in standing timber. To focus on forest resource conservation, increase the acquisition and supervision of cold storage, no buy fruit, encourage support to leading enterprises, workers ' cooperatives as a unit, the contract management of forest resources, the rational protection and utilization of resources. To work actively towards policy aimed from the level of the State Forestry Administration formulated regulations to protect forest resources as soon as possible to achieve law and regulation to protect forest resources. Should focus on forest fire prevention. Fire safety is the first priority(2)尺寸公差在零件图的注法
在零件图中的标注尺寸公差常用标注极限偏差值，如图
1）框格 形位公差的要求在框格中给出，框格由两格或多格组成。框格中的内容从左 到右按下列次序填写： 公差特征符号，公差值，需要时用一个或多个字母表示基准要素或基准体系。如图a所示。对同一个要素有一个以上的公差特
the first responsibility of the forest, 26th spring area has fully deployed to the fire, has now entered the fire, we have to be on duty, and defend. Determined to overcome paralysis, must not \he past, the reduced requirements during the period. To apply strictly the party with the responsibility, must shoulder the responsibility of the Party Secretary in particular, really practice pipes, it can never shuaishouzhanggui, be sure to layer the implemntation falls fire responsibility, to ensure that no major forest fires. o adhere to balanced, correctly handle the relationship between fire and project construction, industrial development, to \o speed up the development of six major industries. Promote development in our region, the key is to give full play to resource advantage to build eco-oriented \create the new engine of economic growth. Firm confidence. Practice has proved that the \central and provincial requirements, and meet the actual da hinggan mountains, through active efforts have been showing a strong momentum of development. So, in the \development, we must be firm in faith, go all out, perseverance, one caughtin the end, convinced that Castle is not relaxed, does not reach the target will never give up. Should focus on industrial projects. Project is to accelerate the industrial development of important support and backing. Industrial project construction, my area there are few in number, small size, low level problems. This year, the project as his party has \have to work hard to project construction. Especially effective during short, catching project shall not, slow, dragging not allowed. All localities should conscientiously implement the project leadership system, timetable, roadmap, and coordinate services, tracking the whole process forward, inverted durations, speeding up progress and seek practical results. Poised to break the project build Set challenges, to accelerate the pace of preliminary formalities, the enterprises have difficulties to pull one way and also help in a timely manner to help businesses market, enhance confidence, urging work as soon as possible. To strengthen the project analysis, proper risk analysis and improve project success rates. (Specific to the XX, we still want to make good use of agricultural advantages, relying on the upper reaches of the forest in the fresh air and XXX pure wateand other resources, create high-quality, high-grade green food brands, truly reflect the original character. Meanwhile, adhere to the project as the breakthrough to promote economic development around the \cial attention to forming projects, dig potential projects, focus on key projects, actively cultivating the new leading industries and new sources of economic growth). To promote investment. More accurate professional business, and based my industrial base and resources, aimed at national industrial layoutstressed that promoting the comprehensive revitalization should focus on economic construction as the central focus with, pay special attention to grasp the implementation of five development concepts, deepening reform and promoting the all-round opening up, ensuring and improving people's livelihood, strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, \s\development mix. To with new development concept measure work, and command action, and training cadres, in implement implementation new development concept in the looking for opportunities, and build highlights, and expand advantage; to full deepening reform, break bound the aspects created vitality of system mechanism obstacles; to active advance full aspects opening, participation \he cast Russian Economic Corridor\o guarantees and improved livelihood, strongly won poverty battle; to strengthening ecological civilization construction, for sustainable development reserved space, for future generations left sky blue, and to green, and water clear of better homes. We must in-depth implement implementation new development concept, insisted to economic construction for Center, firmly caughtdevelopment this first priority, absorbed make construction, heart no distractions caught development, speed up development \, in-depth implementation \big engineering\o big environment\of a article quality more high, and benefits better, and structure more excellent of transformation development of road. To strengthen ecological construction. On March 22, the deep restructuring examined and adopted the opinion on perfecting compensation mechanism of ecological protection, proposed to explore the establishment of diversified ecological compensation mechanism, progressive realization of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other areas of focus and key ecological function and other important regional ecological compensation coverage, the ecological advantages of the region will be further highlighted. We need to go green eco-building, as the essential policy, in strict accordance with the State of main function region construction requirements, careful implementation and Xiaoxing ' an mountains forest ecological protection and economic restructuring plan for the construction of sky blue, ... Acts prohibited by picking up the remaining wells in standing timber. To focus on forest resource conservation, increase the acquisition and supervision of cold storage, no buy fruit, encourage support to leading enterprises, workers ' cooperatives as a unit, the contract management of forest resources, the rational protection and utilization of resources. To work actively towards policy aimd from the level of the State Forestry Administration formulated regulations to protect forest resources as soon as possible to achieve law and regulation to protect forest resources. Should focus on forest fire prevention. Fire safety is the first priority 征项目要求时，可将一个框格放在另一个框格下面，如图b所示。
图b
图a
2)被测要素
用带箭头的指引线将被测要素与公差框格一端相连，指引线箭头指向公差带的宽度方向或直径方面。指引线箭头所指部位可有：
（1）当被测要素为整体轴线或公共中心平面时，指引线箭头可直接指在轴线或中心
线上，如下图左。
（2）当被测要素为轴线、球心或中心平面时，指引线箭头应与该要素的尺寸线对齐，如下图中。
the first responsibility of the forest, 26th spring area has fully deployed to the fire, has now entered the fire, we have to be on duty, and defend. Determined to overcome paralysis, must not \he past, the reduced requirements during the period. To apply strictly the party with the responsibility, must shoulder the responsibility of the Party Secretary in particular, really practice pipes, it can never shuaishouzhanggui, be sure to layer the implementation falls fire responsibility, to ensure that no major forest fires. o adhere to balanced, correctly handle the relationship between fire and project construction, industrial development, to \o speed up the development of six major industries. Promote development in our region, the key is to give full play to resource advantage to build eco-oriented \create the new engine of economic growth. Firm confidence. Practice has proved that the \central and provincial requirements, and meet the actual da hinggan mountains, through active efforts have been showing a strong momentum of development. So, in the \development, we must be firm in faith, go all out, perseverance, one caughtin the end, convinced that Castle is not relaxed, does not reach the target will never give up. Should focus on industrial projects. Project is to accelerate the industrial development of important support and backing. Industrial project construction, my area there are few in number, small size, low level problems. This year, the project as his party has \have to work hard to project construction. Especially effective during short, catching project shall not, slow, dragging not allowed. All localities should conscientiously implement the project leadership system, timetable, roadmap, and coordinate services, tracking the whole process forward, inverted durations, speeding up progress and seek practical results. Poised to break the project build Set challenges, to accelerate the pace of preliminary formalities, the enterprises have difficulties to pull one way and also help in a timely manner to help businesses market, enhance confidence, urging work as soon as possible. To strengthen the project analysis, proper risk analysiand improve project success rates. (Specific to the XX, we still want to make good use of agricultural advantages, relying on the upper reaches of the forest in the fresh air and XXX pure wateand other resources, create high-quality, high-grade green food brands, truly reflect the original character. Meanwhile, adhere to the project as the breakthrough to promote economic development around the \cial attention to forming projects, dig potential projects, focus on key projects, actively cultivating the new leading industries and new sources of economic growth). To promote investment. More accurate professional business, and based my industrial base and resources, aimed at national industrial layoutstressed that promoting the comprehensive revitalization should focus on economic construction as the central focus with, pay special attention to grasp the implementation of five development concepts, deepening reform and promoting the all-round opening up, ensuring and improving people's livelihood, strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, \s\development mix. To with new development concept measure work, and command action, and training cadres, in implement implementation new development concept in the looking for opportunities, and build highlights, and expand advantage; to full deepening reform, break bound the aspects created vitality of system mechanism obstacles; to active advance full aspects opening, participation \he cast Russian Economic Corridor\o guarantees and improved livelihood, strongly won poverty battle; to strengthening ecological civilization construction, for sustainable development reserved space, for future generations left sky blue, and to green, and water clear of better homes. We must in-depth implement implementation new development concept, insisted to economic construction for Center, firmly caughtdevelopment this first priority, absorbed make construction, heart no distractions caught development, speed up development \-depth implementation \big engineering\o big environment\of a article quality more high, and benefits better, and structure more excellent of transformation development of road. To strengthen ecological construction. On March 22, the deep restructuring examined and adopted the opinion on perfecting compensation mechanism of ecological protection, proposed to explore the establishment of diversified ecological compensation mechanism, progressive realization of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other areas of focus and key ecological function and other important regional ecological compensation coverage, the ecological advantages of the region will be further highlighted. We need to go green eco-building, as the essential policy, in strict accordance with the State of main function region construction requirements, careful implementation and Xiaoxing ' an mountains forest ecological protection and economic restructuring plan for the construction of sky blue, ... Acts prohibited by picking up the remaining wells in standing timber. To focus on forest resource conservation, increase the acquisition and supervision of cold storage, no buy fruit, encourage support to leading enterprises, workers ' cooperatives as a unit, the contract management of forest resources, the rational protection and utilization of resources. To work actively towards policy aimed from the level of the State Forestry Administration formulated regulations to protect forest resources as soon as possible to achieve law and regulation to protect forest resources. Should focus on forest fire prevention. Fire safety is the first priority（3）当被测要素为线或表面时，指引线箭头应指要该要素的轮廓线或其引出线上，并应明显地与尺寸线错开，如下图右
基准要素
用带基准符号的指引线将基准要素与公差框格的另一端相连，如下图左。
（1）当基准要素为素线或表面时，基准符号应靠近该要素的轮廓线或引出线标注，并应明显地与尺寸线箭头错开，如下图左。
（2）当基准要素为轴线、球心或中心平面时，基准符号应 与该要素的尺寸线箭头对齐，如下图中。
（3）当基准要素为整体轴线或公共中心面时，基准符号可 直接靠近公共轴线（或公共中心线）标注，如下图右。
(4) 形位公差详解 形状公差项目及其符号 项目 直线度 符号 项目 圆度 符号 项目 线轮廓度 符号 the first responsibility of the forest, 26th spring area has fully deployed to the fire, has now entered the fire, we have to be on duty, and defend. Determined to overcome paralysis, must not \he past, the reduced requirements during the period. To apply strictly the party with the responsibility, must shoulder the responsibility of the Party Secretary in particular, really practice pipes, it can never shuaishouzhanggui, be sure to layer the implemntation falls fire responsibility, to ensure that no major forest fires. o adhere to balanced, correctly handle the relationship between fire and project construction, industrial development, to \o speed up the development of six major industries. Promote development in our region, the key is to give full play to resource advantage to build eco-oriented \create the new engine of economic growth. Firm confidence. Practice has proved that the \central and provincial requirements, and meet the actual da hinggan mountains, through active efforts have been showing a strong momentum of development. So, in the \development, we must be firm in faith, go all out, perseverance, one caughtin the end, convinced that Castle is not relaxed, does not reach the target will never give up. Should focus on industrial projects. Project is to accelerate the industrial development of important support and backing. Industrial project construction, my area there are few in number, small size, low level problems. This year, the project as his party has \have to work hard to project construction. Especially effective during short, catching project shall not, slow, dragging not allowed. All localities should conscientiously implement the project leadership system, timetable, roadmap, and coordinate services, tracking the whole process forward, inverted durations, speeding up progress and seek practical results. Poised to break the project build Set challenges, to accelerate the pace of preliminary formalities, the enterprises have difficulties to pull one way and also help in a timely manner to help businesses market, enhance confidence, urging work as soon as possible. To strengthen the project analysis, proper risk analysis and improve project success rates. (Specific to the XX, we still want to make good use of agricultural advantages, relying on the upper reaches of the forest in the fresh air and XXX pure wateand other resources, create high-quality, high-grade green food brands, truly reflect the original character. Meanwhile, adhere to the project as the breakthrough to promote economic development around the \cial attention to forming projects, dig potential projects, focus on key projects, actively cultivating the new leading industries and new sources of economic growth). To promote investment. More accurate professional business, and based my industrial base and resources, aimed at national industrial layoutstressed that promoting the comprehensive revitalization should focus on economic construction as the central focus with, pay special attention to grasp the implementation of five development concepts, deepening reform and promoting the all-round opening up, ensuring and improving people's livelihood, strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, \s\development mix. To with new development concept measure work, and command action, and training cadres, in implement implementation new development concept in the looking for opportunities, and build highlights, and expand advantage; to full deepening reform, break bound the aspects created vitality of system mechanism obstacles; to active advance full aspects opening, participation \he cast Russian Economic Corridor\o guarantees and improved livelihood, strongly won poverty battle; to strengthening ecological civilization construction, for sustainable development reserved space, for future generations left sky blue, and to green, and water clear of better homes. We must in-depth implement implementation new development concept, insisted to economic construction for Center, firmly caughtdevelopment this first priority, absorbed make construction, heart no distractions caught development, speed up development \, in-depth implementation \big engineering\o big environment\of a article quality more high, and benefits better, and structure more excellent of transformation development of road. To strengthen ecological construction. On March 22, the deep restructuring examined and adopted the opinion on perfecting compensation mechanism of ecological protection, proposed to explore the establishment of diversified ecological compensation mechanism, progressive realization of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other areas of focus and key ecological function and other important regional ecological compensation coverage, the ecological advantages of the region will be further highlighted. We need to go green eco-building, as the essential policy, in strict accordance with the State of main function region construction requirements, careful implementation and Xiaoxing ' an mountains forest ecological protection and economic restructuring plan for the construction of sky blue, ... Acts prohibited by picking up the remaining wells in standing timber. To focus on forest resource conservation, increase the acquisition and supervision of cold storage, no buy fruit, encourage support to leading enterprises, workers ' cooperatives as a unit, the contract management of forest resources, the rational protection and utilization of resources. To work actively towards policy aimd from the level of the State Forestry Administration formulated regulations to protect forest resources as soon as possible to achieve law and regulation to protect forest resources. Should focus on forest fire prevention. Fire safety is the first priority平面度
圆柱度 面轮廓度 形状公差示例
项序目 号 图样标注 公差带 说明 1 实际棱线必须位于箭头所指方向且距离为0.02mm的两平行平面之间。 0.02 直线度 0.042 实际棱线必须位于水平方向距离为0.04mm，垂直方向距离为0.02mm的四棱柱内 3 Φd实际轴线必须位于以理想轴线为轴线，直径为Φ0.04mm的圆柱内 0.02Φd4 圆柱表面上的任一素线必须位于轴向平面内，且距离为0.02mm的两平行直线之间。 0.045 100该表面长度方向上的任一素线，在任意100mm长度内必须位于轴向截面内距离为0.04mm的两平行直线之间。 the first responsibility of the forest, 26th spring area has fully deployed to the fire, has now entered the fire, we have to be on duty, and defend. Determined to overcome paralysis, must not \he past, the reduced requirements during the period. To apply strictly the party with the responsibility, must shoulder the responsibility of the Party Secretary in particular, really practice pipes, it can never shuaishouzhanggui, be sure to layer the implementation falls fire responsibility, to ensure that no major forest fires. o adhere to balanced, correctly handle the relationship between fire and project construction, industrial development, to \o speed up the development of six major industries. Promote development in our region, the key is to give full play to resource advantage to build eco-oriented \create the new engine of economic growth. Firm confidence. Practice has proved that the \central and provincial requirements, and meet the actual da hinggan mountains, through active efforts have been showing a strong momentum of development. So, in the \development, we must be firm in faith, go all out, perseverance, one caughtin the end, convinced that Castle is not relaxed, does not reach the target will never give up. Should focus on industrial projects. Project is to accelerate the industrial development of important support and backing. Industrial project construction, my area there are few in number, small size, low level problems. This year, the project as his party has \have to work hard to project construction. Especially effective during short, catching project shall not, slow, dragging not allowed. All localities should conscientiously implement the project leadership system, timetable, roadmap, and coordinate services, tracking the whole process forward, inverted durations, speeding up progress and seek practical results. Poised to break the project build Set challenges, to accelerate the pace of preliminary formalities, the enterprises have difficulties to pull one way and also help in a timely manner to help businesses market, enhance confidence, urging work as soon as possible. To strengthen the project analysis, proper risk analysiand improve project success rates. (Specific to the XX, we still want to make good use of agricultural advantages, relying on the upper reaches of the forest in the fresh air and XXX pure wateand other resources, create high-quality, high-grade green food brands, truly reflect the original character. Meanwhile, adhere to the project as the breakthrough to promote economic development around the \cial attention to forming projects, dig potential projects, focus on key projects, actively cultivating the new leading industries and new sources of economic growth). To promote investment. More accurate professional business, and based my industrial base and resources, aimed at national industrial layoutΦd
(完整版)机械制图识图基本知识
