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2.1.1 单音节词单读时都重读,不需要用重读符号标注。双音节词和多音节词中,有的音节是重读音节,
有的则是非重读音节,重读音节就要用重读符号标注。有些单词中,除重读音节和非重读
音节外,还有
次重读音节,也需要用重读符号标注。
2.1.2 在单词上直接标音时,重读符号(')标在重读音节的后上方(如 read'ing);次重音符号(?)
标在次重读音节的后下方(如 en?gineer')。请注意:直接标音法的重读符号,还具有
分音节的作用,
如 stu'dent 和 stud'y, stu' 是开音节,而stud'是闭音节,故字母u的读法不同(见
1.3.1和1.3.2)。
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2.2 哑音符号( . ) 可用来指出不读音的字母。标注了这个符号的字母,读音时可视若其无,其余的字母
仍按前述读音规则读音。详见2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4. 2.2.1 不读音的辅音字母。例如:
? knife, lam? b, au'tum? n, ? write,? psy?chol'ogy, ? pneumo'nia, ex? hib'it, r? hyme, whis'? tle, lis'? te?n,? hour. 2.2.2 不读音的元音字母。例如:
h? eart, e? arn, le? arn, e? ar'ly, ye? ar, d? oor, fl? oor, ro? ar, bo? ard, co? arse, ho? arse, fo? ur,
po? ur, co? urse, t? ouch, c? oun'try, fr? iend, b? uild, y? oung, pe? o'ple, tho??u? g? h, ow?e, ? ey? e.?
2.2.3 因强度弱化而不读音的元音字母。例如:
vi't? al, fi'n? al, short'? en, les's? en, lev'? el, chan'n? el, dev'? il, civ'? il, es's? on, cot't? on,
cer't? a? in, cur't? a? in, poi's? onous, dif'f? erent, in't? eresting. 2.2.4 ‘哑e’一般可以不用哑音符号,但容易引起混淆时仍需使用。例如:
amuse'? amus? e'ment shame? sham? ed becide'? becid? es ************************************************************************************** 2.3 提醒符号( ?) 用于:1.提醒发浊音,见2.3.1;
2.提醒发音不符合前述读音规则,见2.3.2, 2.2.3,2.2.4; 3.提醒其读音标在单词后面,见2.3.5. 2.3.1 提醒 s,th,x,f 发浊音/z/,/ e/,/gz/,/v/。例如:
vis'it, his, is;that, with, fur'ther, gath'er;exist', exam' ;of.
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2.3.2 提醒在非重读音节中 a,o,u不读/?/,而读/i/。例如:
char'acter, lit'erature, tem'perature; hy'drogen; min'ute. 2.3.3 提醒 e,i,y不读/i/,而读/?/。例如: can'cel;A'pril,hol'iday;anal'ysis 2.3.4 提醒在e,i,y 前g不读/?/,而读/ɡ/。例如: get,gift,give,girl,begin',forget',tar'get. 2.3.5 提醒该字母(组合)的读音用国际音标标注在单词后边。例如:
mach?ne' /?/, chef /?/, g?r'age /?/, reg?me' /?/, fortune /?/, u'sual /?/, proce'dure /?/,sol'dier / ?/, suite /w/, persuade' /w/, dissuade' /w/, clerk /ɑ:/, sew /?u/, sew'ing /?u/, su?g'er /?/, su?re /?/, bus'y /i/, bus'ily /i/,
bur'y /e/, bur'ial /e/, one /w?n/.
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2.4.1 闭音节符号( ? ): ?,?,?(?),?,? 分别读 /?//e//i//?//?/。
2.4.2 开音节符号( ?): a?, e?, i?(y?),o?,u? 分别读 /ei//i://ai//?u//ju:/。 2.4.3 r音节符号( ?): ar? 读/ɑ:/, or?读/?:/ , er?, ir?(yr?),ur?读/?:/。
2.4.4 re音节符号( ? ):ar?e 读/e?/, er?e 读/i?/, ir?e (yr?e) 读/ai?/, or?e 读 /?:/ , ur?e/读/ju?/.
这些符号 主要用于标注读音规则的例外和区分容易混淆的音节,详见2.2.5,2.2.6,2.2.7,2.2.8。
2.4.5 有时在非重读音节中元音不弱化,而按重读音节读, 这时就要用到这些符号。例如: con'c?pt, ?cto'ber, ?dult' hotel', fe'male, biol'ogy ex'per?t, cor'ridor?, sub'urb em'pir?e, at'mospher?e, soft'war?e dur?a'tion, envir?onmen'al, per?iod'ic
2.4.6 r音节和re音节容易混淆,有时要用r音节符号和re音节符号来区分。例如: věr'y, Aměr'ica, měr'it, f?r'est, sp?r'it; var?'y, her?'o, vir?'us, or?'al, dur?'ing scar?ce, scar?ce'ly, scar?'city
2.4.7 有时开音节和闭音节需要用相应符号来区分。例如:
g?v'e, l?v'e, hǎv'e;condǐ'tion, vǐ'sion, sp?'cial, defǐ'cient;
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ty?p'ist, spa?'cing, sto?n'y, who?l'ly, strīk'ing, nīnth;
cha?nge, stra?nge, cha?mber;co?ld,bo?lt, ro?ll, gro?ss, mo?st, bo?th, o?n'ly, contro?l'; fīnd, mīnd, chīld, mīld.
2.4.8 字母e在re,ar,ir前有时读/e/,这时也可用闭音节符号标注。例如: wh?re, th?re, w?ar, t?ar, th?ir
******************************************************************************** 2.5 几个直接标音符号 用来标注元音的特殊读音。详见2.5.1, 2.5.2, 2.5.3, 2.5.4. 2.5.1 ?=/ɑ:/ :?sk, d?nce, ?f'ter, b?th, c?? lm,c?? lf, gr?ss, ch?nce, dem?nd', enh?nce',
cr?ft, dr?ft, st?ff,f?'ther, l?st, p?th, r?th'er, p?? lm, h?? ?? lf, ex?m'ple,
beh?? lf', ?? unt, l?? ugh, l?? ugh'ter.
2.5.2 ?=/i:/:l?'ter, k?l'o, ant?que', fat?gue', mar?ne', mosqu?'to, rout?ne', mǎgaz?ne', au'tomob?le.
2.5.3 ü=/u:/: flüid, rü'in, frü? it, frü? it'ful, jü? ice, crü? ise, süit, r? oütine', gr? oup, w? oünd, s? oüp, r? oüte, y? oüth, y? oüth'ful?
2.5.4 ?=/u:/: d?, un'd?', t?, tw?, wh?, wh?m, wh?se, m?ve, m?ve'ment, rem?ve', rem?v'al,
pr?ve, impr?ve, impr?ve'ment, appr?ve, appr?v'al, l?se, sh?e. 2.5.5 u?=/u/: bu?sh, bu?l'let, bu?l'letin, bu?tch'er, cru?'el, cru?'elty, fu?ll, fu?ll'y,f u?l'fill, pu?ll,pu?l'ley, pu?sh, pu?t.
2.5.6 o?=/u/ on'do?, in'to?, wo?'man, wo?lf, con'to?ur, po?or.
2.5.7 ?=/i/: īd?'a, īd?al, rec'ip?, th?'orem, ?ng'lish,pr?t'ty, r?'al, mūs?'um, th?'ory.
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2.6 借用国际音标直接标音 为了便于记忆有时可把相应的国际音标标注在字母上面,详见
2.6.1, 2.6.2, 2.6.3, 2.6.4, 2.6.5.
2.6.1 在个别情况下,字母a读/e/。这时就可把国际音标/e/标在字母a上。例如: an'y,man'y,say?s,sai?d.
2.6.2 在/w/音后,字母¨有时读/?/。这时就可把/?/标在a上。例如:
want, wash, watch, watch, wan'der, wal'let, watt, kil'owatt, swal'low, what; qual'ity, qual'itative, quan'tity, quan'titative, quar'rel, e'qual, equal'ity. 2.6.3 在字母l和d前,字母a有时读/?:/. 这时可将?:标在字母a上。例如:
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all, al'most, ball. call, fall, hall, tall, wall, stall, install', recall', small, halt, salt, al'so, al'ter, al'ways, alrea?d'y, altogeth'er, althou?gh', alter'nate, alter'native, wa'ter, false, chal?k, tal?k, wal?k, abro?ad, bro?ad, bro?ad'cast, br? oad'en. 2.6.4 字母o有时读/?/。这时也可将/?/标在其上。例如:
co?me, beco?me, co?m'fort, co?m'fo?mtable, co?m'pany, co?mpul'sary, disco?m'fort, fro?nt, confro?nt',
ho?n'ey, lo?ve ,Mo?n'day, mo?n'ey, mo?n'key, mo?nth, no?ne, so?me, to?ngue, bro?th'er, abo?ve',
no?th'ing, ano?th'er, o?th'er, co?v'er, co?l'our, do?z'en, wo?r'ry, ?n'ion, s?n, sp?nge, t?n.
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