Nature of Ceramics
Hello, everyone, today we talk about nature of ceramics 译文：
大家好，今天我们讲的是陶瓷的性质
Ceramics are loosely defined as crystalline solids composed of metallic and nonmetallic materials. Some ceramics are intermetallic compounds.
陶瓷被简单定义为由金属和非金属材料组成的晶态固体。有些陶瓷就是金属化合物。 译文：
陶瓷被简单定义为由金属和非金属材料组成的晶态固体。有些陶瓷就是金属化合物。
Ceramics are inorganic materials; and are derived from mineral sources. The word ceramic comes from the Greek keramos, meaning “burnt earth.” The crystal structures of ceramics are made of metallic ions in which bonding is either partially or completely ionic.
陶瓷是无机材料，来自于矿物。陶瓷单词来源于希腊语，意味燃烧的土。陶瓷的晶体结构是由金属离子构成的，陶瓷中，含有部分或全部离子键。 译文：
陶瓷是无机材料，来自于矿物。陶瓷单词来源于希腊语，意味燃烧的土。陶瓷的晶体结构是由金属离子构成的，陶瓷中，含有部分或全部离子键。
The variables that govern bonding are (1) the magnitude of the electrical charge on the ions and (2) the relative size of the ions. The resulting crystal must be neutral; that is, all the cation positive charges must be balanced by an equal number of anion negative charges.
控制键的变量是(1)离子电荷的大小，(2)离子尺寸的相对大小。所得到的晶体必须是中性的; 也就是说，所有阳离子的正电荷必须通过相等数量的阴离子负电荷来平衡。 译文：
控制键的变量是(1)离子电荷的大小，(2)离子尺寸的相对大小。所得到的晶体必
须是中性的; 也就是说，所有阳离子的正电荷必须通过相等数量的阴离子负电荷来平衡。
Following some examples are given for ceramics. 译文：
下面是陶瓷的一些例子。
First is Glass. Glass is an amorphous structure, it can be classified as a traditional ceramic, which includes the glasses made from silicates, or as a separate category due to its amorphous structures.
玻璃是一种无定形的结构，它可以被归类为传统的陶瓷，其中包括由硅酸盐制成的玻璃，或者由于非晶态结构而成为一个单独的类别。 译文：
玻璃是一种无定形的结构，它可以被归类为传统的陶瓷，其中包括由硅酸盐制成的玻璃，或者由于非晶态结构而成为一个单独的类别。
But glass can also be sorted to advanced ceramics. Do you know what condition should be met for this result? When glass is transformed into a largely crystalline structure by heat treatment to form glass ceramics, it can be considered an advanced ceramic.
我们前面说的玻璃是传统陶瓷，但是玻璃也可以被归类为现代陶瓷。你知道应该满足什么条件吗?当玻璃被热处理成晶体结构的玻璃陶瓷，它就被认为是现代陶瓷。 译文：
我们前面说的玻璃是传统陶瓷，但是玻璃也可以被归类为现代陶瓷。你知道应该满足什么条件吗?当玻璃被热处理成晶体结构的玻璃陶瓷，它就被认为是现代陶瓷。
Second is silicon carbide. Silicon carbide does not occur as a mineral and is produced synthetically. Its crystalline structure is diamond-like, with alternating Si and C atoms covalently bonded together to produce a material that is almost as hard as diamond. In addition, its crystals fracture in a way that leaves them with sharp edges. These properties make SiC an important industrial abrasive.
其次是碳化硅。碳化硅不存在于矿物中，而是人工合成的。它的晶体结构象钻石结构，交替的硅和C原子结合在一起产生一种几乎和钻石一样坚硬的物质。此外，它的晶体断裂，使其具有锋利的边缘。这些特性使SiC成为一种重要的工业磨料。 译文：
其次是碳化硅。碳化硅不存在于矿物中，而是人工合成的。它的晶体结构象钻石结构，交替的硅和C原子结合在一起产生一种几乎和钻石一样坚硬的物质。此外，它的晶体断裂，使其具有锋利的边缘。这些特性使SiC成为一种重要的工业磨料。
Third is an import ceramic, quartz. The main source of quartz is sandstone, which is mixed with other minerals and clay to improve the final product. Crystalline quartz is a three-dimensional array of silicon dioxide, also known as silica. Crystals of pure quartz are colorless, but various impurities produce colored quartz; for example, traces of iron as an impurity in the crystal structure produce amethyst with the purple color.
第三是一个重要陶瓷，石英。石英的主要来源是砂岩，它与其他矿物和粘土混合以改善最终的产品。结晶石英是一种三维的二氧化硅，也被称为石英晶体，它是无色的。但不同的杂质会产生彩色的石英，例如，晶体结构中的微量Fe会产生紫色的紫水晶。 译文：
第三个例子是一个重要陶瓷，石英。石英的主要来源是砂岩，它与其他矿物和粘土混合以改善最终的产品。结晶石英是一种三维的二氧化硅，也被称为石英晶体，它是无色的。但不同的杂质会产生彩色的石英，例如，晶体结构中的微量Fe会产生紫色的紫水晶。
Ceramics are inexpensive compared with competing materials. Silicon, aluminum, and oxygen are the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust, therefore, ceramics can be produced at less cost than that of competing metal-alloy components. 译文：
与竞争材料相比，陶瓷更便宜。硅、铝和氧是地壳中最丰富的元素，因此，制造
陶瓷的成本要比金属合金的成本低。
Ceramics have the excellent properties as following: (1) extreme hardness, (2) heat resistance, (3) corrosion resistance, (4) low electrical and thermal conductivity, and (5) low ductility, or brittleness.
陶瓷具有下列优异性能:(1)高硬度，(2)耐热性，(3)耐蚀性，(4)低电导和低导热性，(5)低延展性，或脆性。 译文：
陶瓷具有下列优异性能:(1)高硬度，(2)耐热性，(3)耐蚀性，(4)低电导和低导热性，(5)低延展性，或脆性。
Applications of advanced ceramics have received major media attention in recent years, particularly as parts in a future ceramic heat engine. However, corrosion resistance, chemical inertness, thermal shock resistance, and other properties that materials scientists and engineers can design into ceramic materials make both traditional and advanced ceramics highly attractive in a large number of applications. This combination of properties makes ceramics good candidates for wear-resistance applications. Their electrical properties place ceramics in great demand as solid electrolytes in experimental batteries and fuel cells. Other uses are wear resistance and chemical inertness. Their wear resistance can make ceramics replacements for human bone, particularly where bone moves in close contact with other bone components.
与其他材料相比，耐腐蚀、化学惰性、热冲击性能使得传统陶瓷和先进陶瓷在各方面的应用中都具有很高的吸引力。电学特性将陶瓷作为电池和燃料电池的固态电解质。耐磨性和化学惰性使陶瓷成为人类骨骼的替代品，特别是骨骼与其他骨骼的紧密接触的部分。 译文：
与其他材料相比，耐腐蚀、化学惰性、热冲击性能使得传统陶瓷和先进陶瓷在各方面的应用中都具有很高的吸引力。电学特性将陶瓷作为电池和燃料电池的固态电解质。耐磨性和化学惰性使陶瓷成为人类骨骼的替代品，特别是在骨骼之间接触紧密的地方。
OK, that is all. See you next time.
译文：
好的，这就是全部。下次见。
6.1.2 Nature of Ceramics译文
