核膜不规则、深染,则称为角化不良细胞或非典型性角化不全,应认为是一种细胞学异常。
Figure 1.9 Keratosis. A, Hyperkeratosis. Anucleate squames are a protective response of the squamous epithelium. B, Parakeratosis. Parakeratosis appears as plaques, as seen here, or as isolated cells.
二、腺上皮细胞
宫颈腺上皮细胞为黏液分泌细胞,核离心性分布,染色质细颗粒状,胞浆丰富,含较多空泡。核仁不明显,但在反应性状态下则可很显著。腺上皮细胞常呈条带状或片状分布,很少单个散在(Fig 1.10)。条带状者排列类似栅栏状,片状者似蜂房。罕见情况下可见核分裂。30%可见输卵管上皮化生(Fig 1.11)。
Figure 1.10 Endocervical cells. A, Normal endocervical cells are often arranged in cohesive sheets. Note the even spacing of the nuclei, their pale, finely granular chromatin, and the honeycomb appearance imparted by the sharp cell membranes. B, Sometimes they appear as strips or isolated cells. Abundant intracytoplasmic mucin results in a cup-shaped nucleus.
三、脱落的子宫内膜细胞
月经周期的前12天,TCT中有可能见到脱落的子宫内膜细胞,其形态学表现为:①小细胞构成的细胞球;②散在分布的小细胞;③胞浆稀少;④核深染;⑤铸造型核;⑥核碎片。
呈球形排列的内膜细胞较易辨认,细胞小,核深染,胞浆常很少。偶尔细胞可有较丰富的透明胞浆。细胞球边缘呈圆齿状,凋亡常见。单个散在分布的内膜细胞则容易忽视(Fig 1.12)。
偶尔可见内膜细胞簇由两种细胞构成,小的深染的间质细胞位于中央,大的
腺上皮细胞位于边缘,但这种情况罕见。类似图1.12中排列的细胞球有可能仅由内膜腺上皮或间质细胞构成,也可能两者均有。
月经12天以后出现子宫内膜细胞则可能与内膜炎、内膜息肉或宫内节育器有关。40岁以前的TCT检查中发现子宫内膜细胞一般不用报告。40岁以后患者若出现则需要报告,因其与子宫内膜肿瘤有一定相关性。
脱落的子宫内膜细胞需要与如下疾病鉴别:HSIL、鳞状细胞癌、AIS和小细胞癌。(1)HSIL:部分可表现为细胞小、深染,胞浆稀少(Fig 1.13A),但其体积仍大于内膜细胞,大小不一,胞浆着色深,HSIL细胞簇通常边界不清,不形成细胞球;(2)鳞状细胞癌:低分化者可类似内膜细胞(Fig 1.13B),对于这样的病例,临床表现(如性交后出血)可能是唯一的鉴别点;(3)AIS:多数细胞为柱
状,但罕见病例亦可为小圆形细胞(Fig 1.13C),仔细寻找柱状分化和核分裂活性有助于诊断;(4)小细胞癌:罕见(Fig 1.13D),着色更深。
Figure 1.13 Mimics of exfoliated endometrial cells. A, High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). The cells of some HSILs are small but still larger than endometrial cells and usually arranged in flatter aggregates rather than spheres. B, Squamous cell carcinoma (SQC). Some poorly differentiated SQCs are indistinguishable from endometrial cells. The granular debris (tumor diathesis) seen here can also be seen in normal menstrual Pap samples. C, Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Some cases of AIS have an endometrioid appearance, but mitoses (arrows) are distinctly uncommon in exfoliated endometrial cells. D, Small cell carcinoma. The cells resemble endometrial cells but are even darker. There is nuclear smearing, which is rarely seen with benign endometrial cells.
四、搔刮出的内膜细胞和宫体下段组织
一般见于异常短的宫颈管或宫颈锥形活检后。其表现包括:
(1)大小不等的组织碎片;(2)可见腺体和间质;(3)间质细胞:①形态一致;②卵圆形或梭形;③染色质细颗粒状;④偶见核分裂;⑤较大的组织碎片中可见血管穿行;(4)腺体:①管状腺体;②直行或有分枝;③核分裂(部分病例);④显著的核拥挤;⑤胞浆稀少。
宫体下段的腺细胞与宫颈管内膜细胞相似,但核浆比更高,染色更深,可有
核
分裂。由于其具有较高的核浆比,有时可误认为是鳞状上皮或腺上皮异
非典型鳞状上皮细胞ASC-华夏病理 - 图文
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