Introduction
分析文本，写出每一步有哪些句子，具体功能。 Move 1
a. Show the general research area is important/central/interesting/problematic/relevant in some way.
【一些标志性词、句】
Recen tly, there has bee n grow ing interest in … The possibility of …has gen erated wide interest in … The development of … is a classic problem in … The development of … has led to the hope that … The … has become afavorite topic for analysis … Knowledge of … has a great importance for … The study of … has become an important aspect of … A central issue in … is …
The … has beenextensively studiedin recent years. Many investigators have recently turned to …
The relationship between … has been investigated by many researchers. Many recent studies have focused on …
b. Introduce and reviewing items of previous research in the area. 【引述、时态】
一般过去时——一般有具体施动者(一般指某一项单独研究) 现在完成时——没有具体施动者(一般指某个领域) 一般现在时——不是某位研究者的某项具体研究(当前某个知识的说明)
Move 2 (however, nevertheless提出问题)
Indicate a gap in the previous research.
Raise a question about it. (Raise a question, a hypothesis, or a need.) Extend previous knowledge in some way.(Continue a line of research.) Move 3
a. Outline purposes or state the nature of the present research. 【一些标志句子】
(Purposive)
The aim of the present paper is to give …
The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to … This study was designed toevaluate … It is the purpose of the present paper to provide … (Descriptive)
This paper reports on the results obtained … In this paper we give preliminary results for …
The present work extends the use of the last model by … We now report the interaction between … The primary focus of this paper is on …. b. Announce principal findings.
c. Indicate the structure of the RP.
Paraphrase
To paraphrase means to completely reproduce the origi nal meaning in our own words (but never include our own opinion). 【Outlines 】
Use synonyms.(用同义词)
Cha nge word forms.(改变单词形式)
Use differe nt tran siti onal words and make the n ecessary structure adjustme nt.
Cha nge between Active Voice and Passive Voice.(主动、被动语态转换 ) Change between the Affirmative and the Negative.(肯定句、否定句转换 ) Be complete with author and title if possible.
Do not cha nge tech ni cal terms. Include referenee to the original source.
三、 Definition
1、 sentence definition
A formal definition is written as one or two complete sentences and consists of three parts:
⑴ the word to be defi ned
(2) a gen eral class to which the word bel ongs
(3) the characteristics of the word being defined that distinguish that word from other members of the gen eral class
A(n) 【注意】 (1) (2) (3)
正确使用冠词 做必要的删减 正确使用介词
term is (a/an) class ________________ wh-word/that specific detail . 【outlines]
(1) find the prcise word or phrase for the class (2) be more formal
(3) avoid using any form of your term in your definition (4) avoid using when and where in definitions
(5) some technical terms have more than one meaning, a qualifying statement is included in a
definition written for one specific purpose
2、 extended definitions
An exte nded defi niti on usually beg ins with a gen eral, on e-se ntence defi niti on and the n becomes more specific as additi onal details are provided.
【结构] (1) (2) (3)
an an alysis of comp onents examples
a sense of historical cha nge and developme nt
(4) (5) (6)
a kno wledge of applicati ons
an aware ness of problems with or excepti ons to the gen eral defi niti on future predict ions
【 Contrastive Definitions 】
To display your knowledge about two or more related terms. 【 Comparative Definitions 】
To display your knowledge of the complexities surrounding key terms in your field of study. Two approaches of this type of task: (1) to present a historical account of how a concept has changed over time, (2) to present an overview of how various experts today view a concept differently.
四、 PS text (Problem-solution text)
(1) Description of a situation (2) Identification of a problem (3) Description of a solution (4) Evaluation of the solution
五、 Erect errors
学术写作复习资料
