第八讲 定语从句和名词性从句
语法项目(一) 定语从句 [考纲解读·定方向] 定语从句是高考考查的重点，也是必考点之一，语法填空主要考查关系代词、关系副词的选用，故分清句子结构，搞清定语从句部分缺少何种成分至关重要。语法填空考查形式均为无提示词型填空。定语从句的重要性还体现在书面表达上，它属于高级句式，对提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。
如何确定填关系代词或关系副词
[思考趋向]
1．依据句子成分，先确定是定语从句还是名词性从句，然后判定先行词，再判定关系词在从句中所作成分，最后确定填关系代词或关系副词。
2．知晓并列句与定语从句的主要区别在于：并列句是由and，but等并列连词连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析：who/that [此处缺少引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词，故用who 或that。]
[典例2](2018·江苏卷)Self-driving is an area________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
解析：where [句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处于同一条起跑线上的领域。考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in_the_area.由此可知先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。]
[典例3]①They live in a small house，in front of ________ stands an orange tree. ②They live in a small house，and in front of ________ stands an orange tree. 解析：①which；②it [两句的区别是连词and，句①逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示物，故填which；句②and连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句中的a small house，故填it。]
[典例4]①The old man has three sons，none of ________ is a doctor. ②The old man has three sons，but none of ________ is a doctor.
解析：①whom；②them [两句的区别是连词but，句①逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空
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格处为引导词表示人，故填whom；句②but连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句的three sons，故填them。]
定语从句解题技法 寻找先行词，辨别人与物
[实例体验]
1．(2018·天津卷)Kate，________sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.
解析：whose [考查定语从句。句意：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。上大学期间我和她妹妹住同一房间。先行词为Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后为：I shared a room with Kate's sister when we were at college.由此可见，关系词在定语从句中作定语，先行词指“人”，故填关系代词whose。]
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：that/which [根据语境“...gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers”修饰“a soil-testing program”，先行词表示物，关系代词作定语从句的主语，用that或者which。]
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，________has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：who [所填词引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指人，故用who。] 4．(2017·北京卷)The little problems________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
解析：that/which [所填词引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语， 先行词为The little problems，因此用that或which。]
5．(四川卷)The books on the desk，________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us. 解析：whose [句意：桌上那些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。本题考查定语从句。先行词为The books，与从句中的covers为所属关系，故答案为whose。]
[重点强化]
关系代词的使用规则 关系代词 引导的定 语从句 who，whom，that代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语，宾语等，其中whom只能作宾语，介词提前时，指人只能用whom；that不能引导非限制性定语从句 - 2 -
which，that代替的先行词是表示物的名词或代词，在从句中作主语、宾语等 whose用来指人或物，在从句中作定语 先行词是all，some，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 只用that的情况 先行词被the only，the very，all，every，some，any，few，no，little等修饰时 先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时 先行词既包括人又包括物时 只用which 介词提前时，指物只能用which 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中，指物只用which 判断所缺成分，选择关系
副词
[实例体验]
1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter...
解析：when [先行词 the mid-1980s在定语从句中作时间状语，故应用when引导。] 2．(天津卷)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
解析：where [句意：该公司的老板在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，在这种氛围中，他的员工们可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为atmosphere，将先行词代入定语从句后为：His employees enjoy their work in_the_easy_atmosphere.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为where。]
3．(2019·青岛二模)The reason ________ we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
解析：why [先行词为the reason，定语从句中缺少状语，故用why 引导。]
[重点强化]
关系副词的使用规则
关系副词引导的定语从句 when，where，why的先行词分别是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，并且在从句中作状语 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point，特殊用法 situation，case，stage等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句 - 3 -
先行词occasion当“时机”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where 当先行词way意为“方法，方式”，且在从句中作状语时，可用that，in which或省略关系词这三种形式 识别特殊定语从句，
分清限制性、
非限制性定语从句
[实例体验]
1．(2017·天津卷)My eldest son，________work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
解析：whose [句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作让他走遍世界各地。设空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词son，空格处在从句中作定语修饰work，所以要用关系代词whose。]
2．(天津卷)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，________the weather may be better.
解析：when [句意：我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，届时天气可能会更好。先行词为next week，将先行词代入定语从句后为：The weather may be better next_week.由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，故答案为when。]
3．(北京卷)Opposite is St. Paul's Church, ________ you can hear some lovely music. 解析：where [句意：你们在对面的圣保罗教堂能听到一些动听的音乐。先行词为St.Paul's Church，将先行词代入定语从句后为：You can hear some lovely music in_St.Paul's_Church.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用where。]
4．(江苏卷)The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
解析：as [句意：正如报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为整个主句的内容，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填as。as is reported正如报道的那样。]
[重点强化]
1．定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种，如果在先行词的后面出现逗号的，即为非限制性定语从句。
(1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)which引导非限制性定语从句，可以代表主句的全部或者部分内容。 Tom failed again in the match，which was a great pity. 汤姆在比赛中又一次失利了，这是一个非常大的遗憾。
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2．as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。
as 和which都可引导非限定性定语从句，代表主句的内容。as在句中的位置比较灵活，意为“正如，正像”；which只能用在句中，意为“这，这一点”。
The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking，which didn't help. 母亲竭力说服儿子放弃吸烟，但没有效果。
“You can't judge a book by its cover，”as the old saying goes. 正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相”。
介宾结构记心中
[实例体验]
1．(2017·江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
解析：whose [句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，它的目标之一是减缓全球范围的饥荒。本题考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是the World Food Programme，与定语从句中的purposes是所属关系，即the World Food Programme's purposes，故填whose。]
2．(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ________ has been proved.
解析：which [句意：就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出了许多理论，但没有一项理论得到过证明。先行词为theories，将先行词代入定语从句后为：None of the_theories has been proved.由此可见先行词(指“物”)在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为which。]
3．(江苏卷)Many young people，most of ________ were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
解析：whom [句意：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为young people，指人，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Most of the_young_people were well-educated.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，且介词已被提前，故答案为whom。]
4．(安徽卷)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ________ school education depends.
解析：which [句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。先行词为skill，将先行词代入定语从句后为：School education depends upon the_fundamental_skill.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作介词upon的宾语；本句中介词upon已被提前，故答案为which。]
5．(2019·潍坊二模)In his small house，there is a bookshelf，the top of ________ is filled with poetry books.
解析：which [空处引导非限制性定语从句，并且前面有介词of，指代物，故用which。]
[重点强化]
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山东省2020新高考英语大二轮总复习 第八讲 定语从句和名词性从句教案
