however, although, on the other hand, on the contrary, while, whereas等；此外，还有表列举顺序的，如：many reasons, several factors, two items, first, to begin with, to conclude等；表分类的：fall into, classify, consist of, make up of; 表时间的：prior to, previously, simultaneously, subsequently, the same time等；事实上，考生通过对上述提示词的重视，同时还可决定要加快还是放慢阅读速度。如若出现表转折的信号词须放慢速度，若出现表例证的信号词加快速度。
2. 各种题型的应试对策 1）主旨题
要做好主旨题，首先把握好主旨句和主题句。一般而言，陈述文章中心议题及结论的句子被称为主旨句（theme sentence）。陈述推理过程中的每个主要方面的句子叫做主题句（topic sentence）。主旨句往往出现在文章的第一段或最后一段，主题句则往往出现在段首或段尾，以表明该段主要议论的问题。如：
The appeal(呼吁,申述) of advertising (广告的)to buying motives(动机,目的) can have both negative(否定的,消极的) and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced(信服的) to buy a product of poor (差)quality(品质) or high price because of an advertisement.(广告) For example, some advertisers(做广告的人) have appealed to people’s desire for better fuel(燃料)economy(经济,节约) for their cars by advertising automotive products (产品)that improve gasbline mileage(里程). Some of the products work. Others are worthless(无价值的,无用的) and a waste of consumers’ money.
Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading(使误入歧途). A few years ago a brand(商品) of bread was offered to dieters(节食者)，with the message that there were fewer calories(热量单位，大卡) in every slice(薄片,切片). It turned out that the bread was not dietetic(适合节食的) but just regular(规则的,固定的) bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf.(一
个面包)
On the positive(确定的,积极的) side, emotional(感情的,情绪的) appeals may respond (反应良好)to a consumer’s real concerns.(关系) Consider(考虑,把…看作) fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing (有吸引力的)to fear of loss(损失). But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security(安全,安全感) of knowing(知道,了解,认识) that property (财产,财产权)is protected (保护)by insurance makes the purchase (购买)of fire insurance a worth while investment (投资)for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads(广告), they will benefit form the advertising.
Each consumer must evaluate(评价) her or his own situation(情况). Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify(证明…是正当的) buying it? Advertising is intended(想要,打算) to appeal to (上诉)consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control the final buying decision.(决定)
21. The passage is mainly about __________.
A) how to make a wise buying decision
B) ways to protect the interests of the consumer
C) the positive and negative (否定的,消积的)aspects(方面) of advertising D) the function of advertisements in promoting sales
第一句是第1段的主题句，又是本篇主旨句。第2、3段分别从两方面分别论述分析，每段的段首句分别为本段的主题句，所以C）为正确答案。
当然，有时情况会比较复杂，主题句在段中并不明显，考生可从以下几个方面进行判断： a. 主旨或主题句的概括性高于其他句子。
b. 为了把自己的观点准确无误地传达给读者，作者会有意识地反复重复某一主旨或主题。 c. 文字方面的标志也可看出作者是否在陈述文章的主题和主旨。如：in short, in my opinion,
therefore, I suggest/think/bet, It can be concluded that, in fact, nevertheless, as a matter of fact, however等。
2）细节题
细节题的特点是答案一般都能在文章中找到，所以在碰到科技性材料、生词太多、句子结构又太复杂时，考生也不必灰心丧气，只要按图索骥，细节部分的分数还是可能合到的。在大部分情况下，细节题的题干部分会出现某个关键性的词语，抓住关键词，即可迅速地在文章中找出所涉及的细节。如：
The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.
22. What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years? A) They may have taken place during take-off and landing.
B) They may have been caused by the damage to the radio systems.
C) They were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference. D)They were proved to have been caused by the passengers’ portable computers.
假若考生提前将表原因的 “caused by” 标出，那么他就不难看出这道细节题的答案为C）“pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference”，飞行员报告说有100多起飞行事故可能是由电磁干扰造成的。
有时出题人为增加难度，会有意在先期里避开文中所用的词汇，但也不外乎是该词的同义词或释义词。 3）推理题
推理题是综合性试题，难度较大，解题时需要综合运用各种阅读技巧，合理地根据内容、逻辑关系、关键词语以及相关知识和背景知识进行推断。 （1） 细节推理题
根据细节推理题答案经常出现的形式，这种题型可抓住某个关键词或句子的言外之意进行反向推理，即当A为B时，B也为A。例：
As water flows along the ground, it picks up sands, pebbles, even boulders, By this process, enormous amounts of mud and rock are moved from the land to the sea. Each year the Mississippi River carries 730 million tons of solid matter into the Gulf of Mexico.
This constant hauling of land into the sea is lowering the United States’ average height above sea level at a rate of about one foot every 9000 years. If erosion continues at the same rate, the United States will be completely down to sea level in about 23 million years.
In this passage, the author implies but not stated that __________. A) millions of years ago the United States was higher than it is now B) great amounts of land are moved to the sea by rivers
C) the water that sinks into the earth also reaches the ocean
D) the gulf of Mexico will be filled up in about 23 million years
原文第二段第1句的意思是“美国海拔每9000年下降一英尺”，同A）“几百万年前美国平均海拔比目前高”正好是反向推理，故A）为正确答案。 （2） 综合推理题
这种试题，要求考生在语段基础上，而不是在具体细节基础上进行归纳概括和引申，考生一定不要只盯着个别句子，而忽视了整体的含义。
It’s very interesting to note where the debate about diversity(多样化) is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate(公司的) leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity . In fact, they say that if their companies are
to compete in the global village and in the global marketplace, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women, and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn’t occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need.
Likewise, I don’t hear people in the academy saying, “Let’s go backward. Let’s go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy(不拘一格选区人才)” (which was never true — we never had a meritocracy, although we’ve come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last sic years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and a handful of minorities that when she first joined the community, there were less than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media — not in corporate boardrooms or on college campuses.
According to the passage diversity can be achieved in American society by _____. A) expanding the pool of potential employee
B) promoting policies that provide skills to employees
C) training more engineers, scientists, lawyers and business managers D) providing education for all regardless of race or sex
结合在第一段后半部分的陈述及分析备选答案可知A）、B）、C）都是实现多样化的手段但却不是根本，根本在最后一段“为所有人提供受教育机会，不管种族性别如何”，所以D）为正确答案。
此外，各种表语义关系的信号词（signal words）的运用，也可帮助考生理解各个句群之间的关系，如因果、并列等。应当注意的是，当问题是 “The author implies that ________”等时，即文章隐含的意思是什么时，答案绝不是文章中明确提出来的信息。 （3） 对作者态度的推测方法
一般而言，作者的态度与观点可能通过文章主题句和段落主题句等明显标识来识别，但有时主题句隐含于字里行间，这就需要根据文章中的动词、形容词（褒贬、肯定、否定）以及修辞手法来推断作者观点、态度和情绪。有时but, however, on the contrary 这些衔接词及表示说话人语气情感的may, must, should都可能反映作者的立场和看法。如：
Where do pesticides(杀虫剂) fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature, Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world?
We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides are very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative (积累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the such of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. “Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,” says a wise physician, Dr. ReneDubos, “yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed.”
What is the author’s attitude towards the environmental effects of pesticides? A) Pessimistic. B) Defensive. C) Indifferent. D) Concerned
本文订论述了杀虫剂对人与环境的危害，由此可看出作者对问题的关注；文章中“…we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.”也清楚地表明了作者的观点，所以应选D）。 （4） 推测文体的技巧
做这种题要考生有一定的文体知识,知道诸如演讲、社论、新闻、书评、科技论文等的内容特点
(完整word版)山东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试复习指导
