胡壮麟语言学复习及答案
Chapter I In troducti on
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2. L in guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3. A scie ntific study of Ian guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks. 4. In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ian guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts.
5. Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole.
6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study.
7. Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on.
8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.
10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.
11. The study of meaning in Ian guage is known as sema ntics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
13. Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolati on, but in con text.
14. Social cha nges can ofte n bring about Ian guage cha nges. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description in time.
19 Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage.
20. The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F. de Saussure. II.
Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the
of Ianguage at some point
letter given: 21.
Chomsky defines “ competence ” as the ideal user ' s k _______________ of the
rules of his language.
22. ________________________________ Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members
of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
23. __________ D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno 广告网址 n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
24. Language is a system of a ___________ vocal symbols used for humancommunication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s ______ .
26. Humancapacity for language has a g _________ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
27. P ___ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a linguistics. 29. Language is p ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s study of language.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _____________________ . A. prescriptive C. descriptive 32.
B. analytic D. linguistic
Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
B. Displacement
A. Arbitrariness
C. Duality D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _________ .
A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable
34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above
35. A historical study of language is a study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic
C. prescriptive D. comparative 36.Saussure took a (n) view of language, while Chomsky looks at
language from a ________ point of view. A. sociological …psychological C. applied ?…pragmatic
B. psychological …sociological
D.sema ntic and lin guistic
37. According to F. de Saussure, __ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole
B. performance C. langue
D. Language
38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between ___________ and meanings. A. sense
B. sounds C. objects
D. ideas
39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called ____ , A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility transmission
40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ___ , rather than by instinct. A. learning
B. teaching C. books
D. both A and B
D. cultural
IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics Pragmatics
45. Psycholinguistics Morphology 49.Semantics Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness Displacement
46. Language 47. Phonetics
50. Sociolinguistics 53 Productivity
54.
56. Design Features 57.
48.
51. Applied
42. Phonology
43. Syntax
44.
55.Duality
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.
62. What are the design features of humanlanguage? Illustrate them with examples. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? 67. How do you understand competence and performance ?
68. Saussure 's distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky' s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T 8.F 11.T 19. F 20.F
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic)
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39. A 40.D IV. Define the following terms: 41.
Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study
2.F 9.T 12.T
3.F
4.T
5.T
6.F 7.T
10.F
13.T 14.T
15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F
of language.
42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in
communication is called phonology.
43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form
sentences is called syntax. . 44. 45.
Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.
Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is
called psycholinguistics. 46.
Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication. 47.
Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is
called phonetics. 48.
Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is
called morphology. 49. 50.
Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is
called sociolinguistics. 51.
Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to
to language teaching and
the application of linguistic principles and theories
learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52.
Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means
that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53.
Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes
possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54.
Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things
which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 55.
Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which
consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56.
Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of
human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57.
Competence: Chomskydefines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules
of his language, 58.
Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules
in linguistic communication. 59.
langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all
the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案
