外文原文
Single-chip microcomputer
1. the introduction of the singlechip microcomputer
The singlechip is one kind of integrated circuit chip, which uses the ultra large-scale technology and has the data-handling capacity (for example arithmetic operation, logic operation, data transfer, interrupt processing) the microprocessor (CPU), random access data-carrier storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), input output circuit (I/O), possibly also includes fixed time the counter, serial passes unguardedly (SCI), demonstration actuation electric circuit (LCD or LED actuation electric circuit), pulse-duration modulation electric circuit (PWM), simulation multichannel switch and A/Electric circuit and so on D switch integrates to together the monolith chip on, constitutes to be smallest the computer system which however consummates. These electric circuits can under the software control accurate, be rapid, highly effective complete the procedure designer preset the duty. From this looked that, singlechip has the function which the microprocessor does not have, it may alone complete the intellectualization control function which the modern industry control requests, this is singlechip biggest characteristic. However singlechip also is different with the single trigger, the chip before the development, it only has the function greatly strengthened ultra large scale integrated circuit, if entrusts with it the specific procedure, it then is youngest, the integrity microcomputer control system, it (PC machine) has the essential difference with the single trigger or the personal computing, singlechip application belongs to the chip level application, needs the user to understand singlechip chip the structure and the command system as well as other integrated circuit application technologies and the system design need theory and technology, with such specific chip design application procedure, thus causes this chip to have the specific function.
The different singlechip has the different hardware characteristic and the software characteristic, namely their technical characteristic is different, the hardware characteristic is decided by singlechip chip internal structure, the user must use some kind of singlechip, must understand whether this product does satisfy the characteristic target which the need the function and the application system requests. Here technical characteristic including function characteristic, control characteristic and electrical specification and so on, these information needs to obtain from in theproduction merchant technical manual. The software characteristic is refers to the command system characteristic and the development support environment, the
1
instruction characteristic is singlechip addressing way which we is familiar with, the data processing and the logical processing way, input-output characteristic and to power source request and so on. The development support environment is compatible and the probability including the instruction, supports the software (to contain may support development application procedure software resources) and the hardware resources. Must use some model singlechip to develop own application system, master its structure characteristic and the technical characteristic is that we need.. Singlechip control system could substitute for before uses control system which the complex electronic circuit or the digital circuit constituted, might the software control realizes, and could realize the intellectualization, now singlechip control category omnipresent, for example correspondence product, domestic electric appliances, intelligent instrument measuring appliance, process control and special-purpose control device and so on, singlechip application domain was more and more widespread. Indeed, singlechip application significance is far is not restricted in its application category or from this the economic efficiency which brings, it fundamentally changed the traditional control method and the design thought more importantly. Is controls technical a revolution, is an important milestone.
2.The MCU’s development outline
In 1946 first electronic accounting machine birth until now, only then 50 years, depends upon microelectronic technology and the semiconductor technology progress, from the electron tube - transistor- integrated circuit - large scale integrated circuit, now together on the chip definitely may integrate several million even more than ten million transistor, causes the computer volume slightly, the function is stronger. Specially in the nearly 20 years time, computer technology obtained the rapid development, the computer in the industry and agriculture, the scientific research, the education, the national defense and the aerospace domain has obtained the widespread application, computer technology already was a national modern science and technology level important symbol.
Singlechip is born in the 20th century 70's, looks like F8 monolithic microcomputer which Fairchid Corporation develops. The so-called singlechip is uses the large scale integrated circuit technology the central processing element (Center Processing Unit, Also is Chang Cheng CPU) and the data-carrier storage (RAM), theprogram memory (ROM) and other I/O passes integrates unguardedly on together the chip, constitutes a smallest computer system, but modern singlechip then has added on the severance unit, fixed time unit and A/D transformation and so on more complex, more perfect electric circuit, causes singlechip the function more and more formidable, the application is more widespread.
The 20th century 70's, microelectronic technology is being at the development phase, the
2
integrated circuit belongs to the scale development time, each kind of new material new craft not yet mature, singlechip still occupied the primary development phase, the part integration scale also quite small, the function quite was simple, CPU, RAM had generally has also included some simple I/O integrates to the chip on, looks like Farichild Corporation to belong to this type, it also must be joined to the periphery other processing electric circuits just now to constitute the integrity the computing system. The similar singlechip also has Zilog Corporation the Z80 microprocessor. In 1976 INTEL Corporation has promoted the MCS-48 singlechip, this time singlechip is the genuine 8 monolithic microcomputers, and pushes to the market. It is young by the volume, function entire, the price has lowly won the widespread application, has laid the foundation for singlechip development, becomes in singlechip history the important milestone. Under the MCS-48 leadership, after that, each big semiconductor company developed and has developed own singlechip one after another, looked like Zilog Corporation the Z8 series.
To the beginning of the 80's, singlechip has developed to the high performance stage, looks like INTEL Corporation the MCS-51 series, Motorola Corporation 6,801 and 6,802 series, Rokwell Corporation 6,501 and 6,502 series and so on, In addition,Japan's famous electrical company NEC and HITACHI all one after another developed had oneself characteristic the special-purpose singlechip. The 80's, world each big company competes to develop the variety multi-purpose strong singlechip, some severaldozens series, more than 300 varieties, this time singlechip belongs approximately truely monolithic, mostly integrated CPU, RAM, ROM, number many I/O connection, many kinds of interruption system, even also has some to bring A/D switch singlechip, function more and more formidable, RAM and ROM capacity also more and more big, the addressing space even may reach 64kB, may say, singlechip developed to a brand-new stage, the application domain has beenmore widespread, many domestic electric appliances moved towards the intellectualized development path which controlled using singlechip. After 1982, 16 singlechips are published, represent the product are INTEL Corporation's MCS-96 series, 16 singlechips compare 8 machine, the data width increased a time, real-time processing ability stronger, the basic frequency is higher, the integration rate had achieved 120,000 transistors, RAM increased to 232 bytes, ROM then has achieved 8kB, and had 8 interrupt sources, at the same time has disposed multichannel A/D transformation channel, high speed I/The O processing unit, is suitable for the more complex control system.
After 90's, singlechip obtained the rapid development, the world each big semiconductor company has developed a function more formidable singlechip one after another. American Microchip Corporation had issued one kind of incompatible MCS-51 new
3
基于单片机的智能电风扇控制系统的外文翻译
