ENGLISH WORDS
1. A total elongation of a bar carrying an axial force 带了轴力的杆件伸长量
2. A bar that has constant cross section throughout its length and a strait axis 一个全长等截面 的
直轴 3. A uniform stretching
均匀拉伸
4. Units of force divided by area 单位面积上的力 5. A compressive stress 压应力 6. At right angles to its axis 垂直于轴杆
7. This condition will be realized if the axial force P acts through the centroid of the cross section,
as can be demonstrated y statics. 这种情况将被认为：如果一个轴向力 在横截面中心，那么它可以以静力学来解释。
8. Also, unless stated otherwise, it is generally assumed that the weight of the object itself is
neglected, as was done when discussing the bar in Fig. 1-1 . 同样， 除非另有说明，这个通 常假设该物体的重力被忽略，对于在像图
P 作用
I -1讨论杆件的时候。
9. By making an artificial cut through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate parts of the
bar as a free body. 人工的截开这个杆在垂直于轴向的方向上， 我们能隔离出杆的一 部分为自由端。
10. The concepts of stress and strain can be illustrated in an elementary way by considering the
extension of prismatic bar. 应力和应变能够用一种基本的方式来解释，考虑该柱形延伸 的杆件。 11. Assuming that the stress has a uniform distribution over the cross section ,we can readily see
that its resulta nt is equal to the inten sity a times the cross-sect ion area A of the bar. 假 设在整个横截面上有着均匀分布的应力， 我们能理解到它的结果等于强度 6 与横截面面 积 A 的乘积。
12. When the bar is being stretched by the force P , as shown in the figure, the resulting stress is a
tensile stress; if the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to be compressed, they are called compressive stresses. 当一个杆件被力 P 拉伸，我们可以看到在途中，这个 结果应力为拉力，如果这个里方向相反，将造成这个敢见被压缩，这叫压应力。 13. The critical load 临界荷载 14. The ultimate load 最终荷载 15. a modulus of elasticity 弹性模量 16. a factor of safety 安全因素 17. elastic buckling 弹性弯曲 18. initial crookedness 故有弯曲 19. the slenderness ratio 长细比
20. A diagram of the compressive stress in the column versus the slenderness ratio can now be
plotted. 一个图表关于有压力的柱体长细比能马上被绘制。
21. For practical purpose it is sometimes sufficient to draw a straight line EB and to consider that
it represents the critical stresses for medium-length columns. 对实际的目的而言，这个有 时候足以用画一条直线
EB来考虑和代表临界应力关于中等柱体。
22. At this stress the column fails either by a direct failure of the material or by bucking, depending
upon the slenderness ratio. 对于这种应力的柱体被破坏不是直接压坏就是被 压弯，这取决于这根柱的长细比。
23. This con diti on cannot be improved by using a higher stre ngth material; in stead, the critical
stress can be raised by increasing the radius of gyration or by using a material with a higher modulus of elasticity.这种情况下不能被提高：用一更高的强度的材料，但是用一更高 回转半径的材料或者有更高弹性模量的材料能提高临界应力。
24. The Euler formula for the critical load is in applicable in some in sta nces and gives values which
are too high.欧拉公式的临界荷载有些情况不能应用，这回导致结果值太高。 25. dead loads 静荷载 26. live loads 动荷载 27. the mean load 平均荷载
28. rational safety provisions 合理安全措施 29. random variable 随机变量
30. Safety requires that the strength of the structure be adequate for all loads which may
foreseeably act on it. 充分的。
31. Serviceability requires that deflect ions be adequately small, that cracks, if any, be kept to
tolerable limits, that vibratio ns be mi nimized. 许范围内的裂缝和尽量小的震动。
32. Actual loads may differ from those assumed in the design.
计不相同。
33. Actual loads may be distributed in a manner different from that assumed in the desigh. 真 实的
荷载分布情况或许与假设中涉及不相同
34. Dead loads are those which are consistent in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the
lifetime of the structure. 35. flat roof 平屋顶 36. pitched roof人字形屋顶
37. upwind part of the roof 屋顶的逆风面 38. canopy roof 天蓬屋顶 39. windward part of the roof
屋顶的上风面
平行于建筑物正面的风
垂直于建筑物正面的风
静荷载是一直在大小和位置都不变的作用在结构上。
真实的荷载或许与假设中的设
适用性要求充分小的挠度，可以保持在允
安全要求结构的强度对于预见的作用在这个上面的全部荷载是
40. wind parallel with building facade 41. wind perpendicular to building facade
42. When the undisturbed air flow approaches a building, it is forced around and over the buildi ng.
当没有干扰的气流接近一个建筑，它的力量是覆盖在建筑物的周围和上方。
43. Pressure is marked by plus and suction is marked by minus in the following figures. 压力 在下边
的图表中为“ +”，引力为“一”。
44. For pitched roofs with a slope of between 15 and 30, suction as well as pressure may occur
on the upwind part of the roof. 对于坡度在15至U 30 的人字坡而言， 或许作用在逆风屋顶。
45. If this aspect was incorporated into the building traditions of areas prone to severe hurricanes,
the number of low-rise structural failures in these areas could be reduced in the future.如这个方面综合考虑系统倾向于严重的飓风区域内不高的结构承载力破坏的数
吸力和压力一样
量在这些区域在未来将减少。 46. member performanee
构件工作性能
合理安全储备 保护层厚度
47. rational safety provisions 48. concrete cover distanee 49. random variable 随机变量 50. deep flexural members 深梁
51. Tension cracks in beams may be wide eno ugh to be visually disturb ing, and in some cases
may reduce the durability of the structure. 梁中拉应力产生的裂缝足够宽看起来是烦人 的，在某些情况下或许会降低结构的耐久性。
52. All rein forced con crete beams crack, gen erally start ing at loads well below service level, and
possibly even prior to loadi ng due to restra ined shri nkage.
所有的钢筋混凝土梁的裂缝，
通常开始于荷载低于服务水平，而且可能甚至在荷载作用前限制收缩。
53. In early rein forced con crete desig ns, questi ons of serviceability were dealt with in directly ,by
limit ing the stresses in con crete and steel at service loads to the rather con servative values that had resulted in satisfactory performa nee. 作性能。
54. In the discussion of the importanee of a good bond between steel and concrete it was
poin ted out that if proper end an chorage is provided ,a beam will not fail prematurely ,eve n though the bo nd is destroyed alo ng the en tire spa n . 在讨论一个好的连接在钢筋和混凝 土间的重要性，这是被指出的：如果正确的尾端锚固存在，一个梁不会被提早破坏，即 使连接在整跨上被破坏了，亦如此。
55. Experime nts by Bromes and others have show n that both crack spaci ng and crack width are
related to the con crete cover dista nee dc, measured from the cen ter of the bar to the face of the concrete . Bromes和其他人的实验表明，裂缝间距和裂缝宽度与保护层厚度有关， 这个厚度是杆中心到混凝土表面的距离。 56. Earthquake-resistant structures 57. Post-and-resisting elements 58. Lateral-load-resisting elements 59. Rigid diaphragms
刚性隔板
抗震结构 立柱和梁的组合体
抵抗侧应力的构件
所有的钢筋混凝土设计中， 适用性方面的
问题是被间接处理的，通过限制混凝土的应力和承受荷载的钢筋在保守之范围内来导致 完美的工
60. Structures with redundancy 超静定结构 61. Timber structures 木结构
62. The primary reas on for this is that earthquake resista nee of a structure is depe ndent, to a
large exte nt ,on its ability to absorb the en ergy in put associated with ground moti ons 。 最 基本的原因是一个结构的抗震很大程度上取决于相互依赖， 的能力。
63. The failure of relatively few members in the outer plane of the structure shown in Fig.6-2b
may lead to total collapse, whereas many more members must fail in the more redundant structure for it to collapse.
很少构件的破坏在结构的表面像图
6-2b，将导致全部倒塌，
然而在有很多约束的结构中，必须有更多的构件被破坏才会倒塌。
他们吸收相关地震力的能量
64. Earthquake-resistant structures also typically have floor and roof planes designed as rigid
diaphragms capable of transmitting internal forces to lateral-load-resisting elements through beam-like action.抗震结构也典型的有横面和屋顶被设计成刚性隔板， 在力到抵抗侧向力的结构上，像梁一样的效果。
65. Precast concrete structures, however, can be difficult to design for safety in earthquake zones
because of the problems involved in achieving a continuous ductile structure. 预知的混凝 土结构，然而难以设计在安全性上在地震多发地区，因为这些问题要涉及到连续和延伸 性的结构。
66. Re in forced con crete 钢筋混凝土 67. Rolled-steel 轧制刚材 68. Weldability 可焊性 69. Aggregate 骨料 70. Mortar 砂浆 71. Deformatio n 变形
72. The modern civil engineer needs to deal with a variety pf materials that are often integrated
in the same structure, such as steel and con crete, or are used separately for con struct ion projects, such as paveme nts from asphalt and Portla nd ceme nt con crete . 现今的土木工程 需要处理多种多样的材料，这些经常被整合到同一个结构中，就像钢材和混凝土，或者 单独做用于项目建设，就像用沥青和硅酸水泥铺路。
73. The useful engineering properties of both unalloyed and alloyed aluminum are low specific
gravity resistance to corrosion, high electrical conductivity and excellent forming properties . 有用的工程行者对于非合金和铝合金是低质量的，可耐腐蚀的，导电性好的，良好的可 塑性。 74. Concrete is a man-made composite the major constituent of which in natural aggregate (such
as gravel and sand ) and binding medium (such as ceme nt paste, bitume n and polymers). 混凝土是人造混合物，它的主要成分是基本骨料 聚合物).
Rei nforci ng tech niq ues have bee n developed in recent years to exte nd the structural possibilities of masonry ,especially improved its resista nce to earthquakes . 涉及扩展了浆砌体结构的使用可能性，尤其是提高了抗震性。
力口强技术在近几年发展迅速，
以此能够传递内
(如砾石)和胶凝材料(如书你讲，沥青和
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75.
土木工程专业外语秦卫红主编1-7课后答案
