Semantics
IV. Define the following terms:
31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.
33. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience
34. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
35. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.
36. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
37. Homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones
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38. Homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.
39. Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.
40. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
41. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning. 42. Componential analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features.
43. The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.
44. Predication: The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
45. Argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.
46. Predicate: A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.
47. two-place predication : A two-place predication is one which con-tains two arguments.
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Pragmatics
IV. Define the following terms:
31. Conversational implicature: In our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversation are generally cooperating with each other. In other words, when people are talking with each other, they must try to converse smoothly and successfully. In accepting speakers’presuppositions, listeners have to assume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. This sense of cooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are not normally assumed to be trying to confuse, trick, or withhold relevant information from one another. However, in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. The real intention implied in the words is called conversational implicature.
32. Performative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).
33. Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.
34. Horn’s Q-principle: (1) Make your contribution sufficient (cf. quantity); (2) Say as much as you can (given R).
37. Pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
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38. Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 39. Utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
40. Sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is of-ten considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. 41. Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;
42. Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act.
43. Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
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45. Perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. 46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is: Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
Historical Linguistics
IV. Define the following terms:
51. Apocope: Apocope is the deletion of a word-final vowel segment. 52. Metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis. It involves a reversal in position of two neighbouring sound segments.
53. Derivation: It is a process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems or words.
54. Back-formation: It is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing word.
55. Semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.
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语言学定义(1)
