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高三英语语法专题名词性从句

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高三英语语法专题(二) 名词性从句在英语中，通

常把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句统称为名词性从句。名词性从句在句中相当于一个名词或名词词组，在句中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语等。

引导名词性从句的词通常分为三类: ①连接词有 that/whether/if what/ who / which/ whatever / whoever / whichever / whom / whomever

等; ②连接代词有

等;③连接

副词有 when / where / why / how 等，名词性从句中缺少什么成分就找什么引导词，如果不缺少成分通常用 that 来引导。一．主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that o被强调部分指人时也可用 who/whom。例如：

It is a pity that you didn ' t go to see the film.

It doesn 't interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that It is an honor that It is a pity that …

(2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that It is strange that It is certain that

… … … … …

事实是?… …非常荣幸 …是常识可惜的是… 很自然… 奇怪的是很肯定似乎碰巧据报道已证实…

It is common knowledge that …

(3) It ＋连系动词或不及物动词＋从句

It seems that … It happened that …

(4) It is ＋过去分词＋从句

It is reported that … It has been proved that …

3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)

That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens …, It occurs … 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)

't matter how/whether …结构中的(4) It doesn

主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesn 't matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)

't matter. (wrong) Whether he is wrong or not doesn

（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问

句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening （right）

Is that will rain in the evening likely （wrong） 4. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别

What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语 ,宾语 ,表语，而 that 则不然。 1） What you said yesterday is right. 2） That she is still alive is a surprise to all of us.

二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语

由 that 引导的宾语从句（ that 通常可以省略） , 例如： I heard that he joined the army. 注意：在 insist, order, demand, require, suggest, advise 等表示坚持、命令、要求、建议等意义的动词后， that 从句常用“（ should ） + 动词原形”的结构（虚拟语气）。 2. 作介词的宾语

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语

I am afraid （that） I ' ve made a mistake.

I am confident that I can get the job.

that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等 ; 也可以将此类词后的 that 从句看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语

It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在

带复合宾语的句子中。

I think it necessary that we read English every day. 用于此句型常见的动词和短语 :appreciate, like, dislike, hate, love, count on/upon（期待）, depend on/upon （依靠）,rely on （指望）, see to （确保）, insist on, take …for gran ted （相当然），bring …to one ' s atte ntio n 等

Please see to it that the door is locked before you leave. I don ' t like it that people speak with their mouthes full.

You may rely on it that everything will be ready by Monday.

5. 否定的转移

若主语为 I/we think/consider/ suppose/ believe/expect/guess/imagine 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I don ' t think this dress fits you well. （我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）三．表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be， look， remain， seem 等。 1）The question is whether we can make good preparations in such a short time. 2）This is why we can ' t get the support of the people

3) The fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

4) The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四．同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。它对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导，例如：

1) The king ' s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still

is given by the general.

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

五、名词性从句考点扫描：考点一 : 一些引导词的使用

★ that 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，只起连接主从句的作用而不充当句子的任何成分，此时 that 不可以省略 ; that 引导宾语从句时，不充当成分，往往可以省略，但以下几种情况一般不省略 :

① 在句型”主语+谓语+it(形式宾语)+补足语+that从句”中，that不可以省略。如 :The manager has made it clear to us that he doesn't agree with us.

② 当由两个 that 引导的从句作同一个动词或介词的宾语时，第二个从句中的 that 不能省略。如 : Mr Smith told the workers (that) John had worked very hard and that he wanted him to stay.

③ 当宾语从句是由主从复合句充当并且从句在前时， that 一般不省略 . 如: She says that if her father allows her to join us ， she will come here on time. ④ 有插入语或其它成分把宾语从句和主句分开时。如 was not wrong.

：She explained to me that she

⑤ 当 that 引导的宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。如：He explained that what she was looking for was a pair of socks.

⑥ 当从句的主语是 that 时。如 She says that that will be a real treat for her. ★主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中所缺少的成分如果表示 \是否\，则用 whether 引导，而不用 if 引导;在宾语从句中， whether 与 if 往往可以换用。但在下列几种情况不可以互换：①whether与or(not)连用时；②介词后的宾语从句用 whether弓I导;③discuss 后的宾语从句用 whether 引导表示 \是否\④如果 if 引导有歧义时，通常用 whether 引导；⑤if可以引导条件句，而 whether不可以.

［典型考例］ 1. We haven't settled the question of _____ it is necessary for him to study abroad.

(2006 江苏卷 ) B. where C. whether D. that

［解析］C. of 介词之后的宾语从句要用 whether引导，表示”是否”，不可以用if

弓导。

2. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and __ it is rough or smooth. (2005 天津卷 ) A. 不填 B. whether

［解析］B.根据后面的or可以判断此处用 whether引导宾语从句作tell的宾语。 3. _______ w i l l consider this opinion or not is not clear.

A. If ‘ B. That ［解析］D。根据后面的or not结构判断此处应用 whether来引导主语从句。 4. You must answer the question ___________ you have received her letter or not. A. what B. that C. whether D. if

[ 解析 ]C. 同位语从句表示 \是否 \含义且与 or not 连用时，通常用 whether 引导，而不用

if 引导。

★ why 与 because 都可以引导表语从句，但用法不同。如果表语从句表述的事情和 \结果”有关，则用why来引导；如果表语从句指的事情和”原因”有关，则用because来引导。主句主语是reason 时，表语从句引导词用 that，不用because。如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the first bus.

[ 典型考例 ]

1. -- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. --Is that ______ you had a few days off A. why B. when C. what D. where

[解析]A.该表语从句表示”结果\所以用why引导。

2. That he hasn't come is _____ he is busy writing the papers. A. that B. what C. why D. because [解析]D.\忙于写论文是没有来的原因

”，表语从句表示”原因”，所以用because引

导。

she couldn't understand was ______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. （上海卷）

A. What...why B. That...what C. What...because D. Why...that [解析]A。第一空是 what引导的主语从句，

what在从句中作understand 的宾语，第

二空是表语从句表示”结果”，所以用why来引导。考点二：名词性从句的语序

在使用名词性从句时，应该注意的是引导词加陈述句语序，千万不可以用疑问句语序。 [ 典型考例 ]

1. These shoes look very good. I wonder _______ （2006 A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost

上海春季）

[解析]C。该句是wonder引导的宾语从句，宾语从句用引导词加陈述句语序。 2. Mum is coming. What present __________ for your birthday （2005 福建卷），

A. you expect she has got B. you expect has she got C. do you expect she has got D. do you expect has she

got

[ 解析 ]C. 在 do you expect（think/suppose/guess 等）的宾语从句中，往往疑问词提前构成双重疑问句，即：特殊疑问词 +do you expect （think/suppose/ guess 等）+ 陈述句结构。

3. I have always been honest and straightforward ， and it doesn't matter ______________ I 'mtalking to. （2004 广东卷）

A. who is it C. it is who

B. who it is

is whom

[解析]B。此句中的第一个it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句。该从句是由强调句型构成，由于对特殊疑问词强调，所以构成从句时应用 \特殊疑问词 +陈述句语序 \。

boss asked me _____________ just now. A. what was the matter B. what the matter was C. how was the matter D. how the matter was [ 解析 ]A. what's the matter 在宾语从句中语序不变，因为 what 在从句中是作主语而不是表

语。

考点三：名词性从句中的语气

★在 lt+be+adj+that 从句结构中，如果形容词是 necessary、important、natural 、 stran ge、urge nt、surprisi ng 等时，那么that从句应该使用虚拟语气，即（should）+ 动词原形。

［典型考例］

1. It was n ecessary that Tom ______ to the hospital at once. A. was sent B. be sent C. would be sent D. sends （B）

't you thi nk it n ecessary that he

to Miami but to New York

----I agree ， but the problem is _ he has refused to. （2005 江苏卷） A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what （B） ★在表示\坚持 insist, 建议 suggest, advise, propose, 命令 order,要求 require, request, dema nd'等词后面的名词性从句中往往要使用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。如果是这些词的名词或过去分词形式，它们所接的名词性从句一样要用虚拟语气。

.Wu's advice was that my mother __________ smok ing. A. gives up B. gave up C. will give up D. give up （D） 's suggested that the patient be sent to hospital at once . 注意：（一）I don' t think highly of the advice that he gave on how to learn English well. （二）suggest表示\建议\时，宾语从句要使用虚拟语气；但表示 ”暗示，表明”时，要用陈述语气；insist 表示”坚持要求……\时，宾语从句要使用虚拟语气；但表示”坚持认为 \时，应用陈述语气。

Her pale face suggested that she was ill, so we suggested that she should be sent to hospital. Tom in sisted that he was right and that the teacher （should） apologize to him at on ce.

考点四：宾语从句中的时态

宾语从句中动词的时态往往受主句动词时态的影响。如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，那么从句的谓语动词时态通常为过去时态中的一种；如果主句是祈使句或主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，那么从句动词可根据句意使用任何一种形式；如果宾语从句陈述的是一种客观事实，那么宾语从句要使用一般现在时。如：（1） My mother said she would go to see my grandparents. （2） The geography teacher said the sun rises in the east.

［典型考例］

thi nk it is n ecessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone for I sometimes want to make sure if he _______ home for dinner. （2006

A. come B. comes C. has come

D. will come

辽宁卷）

［解析］D. make sure后是if引导的宾语从句，根据句意（是否回来吃晚饭），此处表示将来时间，所以从句动词用一般将来时。

2. Customers are asked to make sure that they ___________ the right change before leaving the shop. （2006 重庆卷）

give give n

bee n give n be give n

［解析］B。根据before leaving the shop 可知give这一动作在之前发生，由于是被动关系，所以用现在完成时的被动语态。

up! Alice and Sue are wait ing for you at the school gate.

---Oh ! I thought they ________ without me. （2005 A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone