Grammar 主谓一致
主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致。我们一般遵从三个原则：
1、 语法一致的原则：是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应。 2、 意义一致的原则：指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数。 3、 就近原则：是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词。
主谓一致的热点
1．由 many a 或 more than + 单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。 Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall. More than one student has visited the exhibition.
2．“……的几分之几”和“……的百分之几” 作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于 of 后的名词。
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 40 percent of the students in our class are girls.
3．“a number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“ the number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。
A number of pupils like reading picture-books. The number of the students in our class is 55.
4．并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时 and 后面的名词前没有冠词。
The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.
5．成对的名词，如bread and butter涂黄油的面包，soda and water汽水，coffee and milk加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end目的，salt and water盐开水等，虽然有and连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。 A knife and fork is on the table.
6．由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each, every或no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。
No student and no teacher is invited to the party.
In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education. 7．主语是单数，其后跟有together with, along with (与……一道)，as well as (和；也)，no less than (和……一样)，rather than (而不)，以及with, not, like, but, except, besides, including 等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 He as well as his sister is a League member.
8．在定语从句中主语是关系代词who, that, which,谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。
I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.
9．主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等时，谓语用复数。但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有a pair of修饰时，谓语用单数。 My trousers are being washed now. There is a pair of shoes in the box.
10．表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。
Ten dollars is not enough.
Three months has passed since he left.
11．主语是以-ics 结尾的学科名词以及news, works (工厂)等都属形式复
数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外means一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定。
Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.
A new means of teaching is being used in that school.
12．主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式。
The United States is a developed country.
13．主语是family, team, group, crowd, class, committee等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复数。 His family are all music lovers.
14．“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.
15．主语是疑问代词who, what, which,不定代词all, more, most, any, none等以及名词half, part, the rest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而定。
Half of the visitors are from Europe. Half of the fruit is bad.
16．主语是表示数量的“one and a half +复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式。主语是“one or two + 复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式。 One and a half bananas is left on the table. There are one or two things I?d like to know about.
17．the +形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人。其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其谓语用单数。如： The rich are not always happy.
The new is sure to replace the old.
18．由not only … but also, neither…nor, either…or, not …but以及or连接的并列主语，谓语动词要与最靠近它的主语在数上保持一致。 Not only your father's friends but also your father likes smoking.
19．在倒装句中以及在There be …结构中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词往往和其后面的第一个主语取得数上的一致。 Where is your mother and younger sister?
There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk. 20．动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式。
When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet. Learn new
words and phrases
1. weaken: v 削弱、减弱，字根：weak: a 虚弱的 构词形式：adj/n + en或en + adj/n = v
Shorten, enlarge, enable, enrich, loosen, tighten etc.
2. nationwide: a 全国范围的，通过该词我们可以得到：worldwide:全世界范围的，regionwide, etc.
3.legal: a 合法的，反义词：illegal,不合法的；legalize: v 使…合法化。 The Netherlands became the first country to legalize euthanasia. 4. ensure: v 确保、担保，常见用法如下： 1). The police can ensure the witness from danger.
2). We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way. 5. oppose: v 反对、对抗；名词：opposition , 形容词：opposed 1). What he said was totally opposed to the facts.
2). Many people oppose building a new highway because of the great cost. 6. tradition: n 传统，由此可以联想到：
traditional: a; traditionally: ad; 反义词为：modern
1). _____ Chinese medicine is believed to be effective for many diseases. 2). It's important to keep up the fine ____ of plain living and hard work. 3). Christmas is ____ a holiday for a family to get together. Answers: Traditional, tradition, traditionally
7. consideration: n 考虑、体谅、照顾，由此可以联想到：
Consider: v 考虑；considerate: a 体谅的，be considerate of; considerable: a 相当多的。请练习一下：
1). Losing 30 pounds changed her appearance _____. 2). It is very ____ of you to send me a birthday card. 3). The matter is receiving the serious ____ of the manager. 4). He left behind him a ____ amount of debt.
Answers: considerably, considerate, consideration, considerable 8. disabled: a 残疾的，伤残的，由此可以联想到：
able: a 有能力的；be able to do sth; unable: a 没有能力的；enable: v 使人能够enable sb to do sth; ability: n 能力籨isable: v 使人残疾
1). As long as they are physically ____, they tend to live on their own. 2). The _____ to be clearly heard is extremely important for any speaker. 3). I'd like to go to the cinema, but I'm _____ to.
4). Education should ____ every student to develop morally, intellectually and physically.
5). A car accident ____ him from playing football. 6). Special care should be given to the ______.
Answers: able, ability, unable, enable, disabled(v), disabled(a) 9. prohibition: n 禁止、禁令，prohibit: v prohibit sb from doing sth;
2011年自考英语（二）最全复习资料
