翻译：他们密切注意与断层运动有关的水位和水温的变化。
分析：词组：watch for密切注意…；be associated with同…有关系。 7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6)
翻译：人们都认为不可能可靠地预报地震。
分析：that引导的是宾语从句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推测语气；with any reliability带有任何可能性。
8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6) 翻译：尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟只是处于初始阶段。
分析：本句中的while意思是“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。请看下面的句子，区分while含义：
1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.
2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.
3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again. Grammar: 倒装句
英语中主语在前,谓语在后的语序称为自然语序。
由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装；助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装.全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句。 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.
Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room A.is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C.smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. A.man did know B.man know C.didn't man know D.did man know 答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than 1).Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 2).Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 3).No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示'也'、'也不' 的句子要部分倒装。 Tom can speak French.So can Jack. If you won't go, neither will I. 典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? ---I don't know, _____.
A.nor don't I care B.nor do I care C.I don't care neither D.I don't care also
答案：B.nor为增补意思'也不关心'，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次
否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为'的确如此'。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意： 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。 其他部分倒装
1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中： May you all be happy.
3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again. 典型例题
1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is A.man did know B.man knew C.didn't man know D.did man know 答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。 2）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. A.didn't I realize B.did I realize C.I didn't realize D.I realize 答案为B。
3)Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___. A.nor don't I care B.nor do I care C.I don't care neither D.I don't care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示'也不'。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。 Key words and phrases
1. efficiency : n 效率，其他同根词：efficient: a 高效率的；inefficient: a 效率低的；inefficiency : n; effective: a 有效果的
1). He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching. 2). She is very _____ in reducing waste. 3). His ____ study method caused his failure.
4). The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.
Answers: efficiency, efficient; inefficient, effective 2. increasingly: ad不断增加地， 由此可以联想到：
increase：v 增加; increasing: a 不断增加的; decrease: v减少；
2011年自考英语（二）最全复习资料
