History and anthology of English literature:
(altogether 7 topics, this semester 6 topics; 5th---1900, over 1400 years) ? The Old English and Middle English period (Chapter 1, 2) ? The Elizabethan age (Chapters 3, 4) ? The 17th century (Chapter 5)
? The classic 18th century (Chapters 6,7,8) ? The Romantic period (Chapters 9, 10) ? The Victorian age (Chapters 11-18) ? The 20th century (Chapters 19-26)
? The Old English and Middle English period (5th ---1066, 1066---1557)
1 the Old English period Beowulf： *pagan heroism异教徒的英雄主义and fatalism宿命论are mingled with Christian qualities. *The poets hope that the evil should be punished, and the righteous will be rewarded. *It’s a heroic Scandinavian epic legend told in the English language.
literary terms: epic, alliteration
2 the Middle English period literary term: romance
Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales
Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音-音节为基础的格律诗先河。首创heroic couplet英雄双行体
? The Elizabethan age (1558---1625)
--- a golden age of poetry and drama ---the age of English Renaissance
1 Poetry:
*Philip Sidney /
Astrophel and Stella love romance 《爱星者和星星》，表达了他初恋时的激情以及如何经过斗争，克制自己，献身于公职。
it was after Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella that the sonnet sequence十四行诗系列 became popular in England. It inspired other Elizabethan poets, including Shakespeare, to write similar sequences.
*Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queen Using Spenserian Stanza = abab bcbc c /allegory 讽喻 *Shakespeare: 154 sonnets, Sonnet 18
Literary term: sonnet: a lyric poem containing fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter lyric:
iambic pentameter
2 Drama:
“University Wits” 大学精英
*Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: 把blank verse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者
the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧
*William Shakespeare: four greatest tragedies
Hamlet: “To be, or not to be”
Macbeth Four Tragedies:
Literary terms: monologue＞soliloquy √√
Monologue（独白） A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.
Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独白） A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning’s “My Last Duchess”.
*Ben Jonson本·琼生
①
②
Literary term: “three unities” classical unities三一律
三一律规定剧本创作必须遵守时间、地点和行动（情节）的一致，即一部剧本只允许写单一的故
事情节，戏剧行动必须发生在一天之内和一个地点。法国古典主义戏剧理论家布瓦洛把它解释为“要用一
地、一天内完成的一个故事从开头直到末尾维持着舞台充实。”
3 Prose:
Thomas More托马斯?莫尔1478~1535: Utopia [ju:'t?upi?] 乌托邦 Francis Bacon : The first English essayist 58 essays, Of Studies 培根随笔集-论学习
The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.
? The 17th century
---the age of Revolution and Restoration ---literary mood: gloomy, pessimistic ---changes of literary taste
---“four Johns”: John Donne, John Milton, John Dryden, John Bunyan
1 Poetry:
John Donne---the representative of the Metaphysical School ：（主题：love, religious, thought） Artistic features:
1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 2. syllogism三段论
John Milton: Paradise Lost epic 2 Drama:
*comedy of manners 风俗喜剧
/ the more realistic and often satirical comedy of the Restoration period. / Satire is its main attraction.
/ presented rather than real life indivuals.
*John Dryden: “prune and trim” the Elizabethan language “the father of English criticism” (by Samuel Johnson) 3 Prose:
John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 allegory讽喻 与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作
? The classic 18th century ---the age of Enlightenment
Three main divisions:
1 Neoclassicism 新古典主义 heroic couplet (poetry) three unities (drama) Literary term:
heroic couplet: lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc)英雄双韵体 在英语诗歌史上，双韵体诗由乔叟最先启用，后经斯宾塞，马洛等人发展，再由德莱顿弘扬，最后经蒲柏的完善扩充，形式更为整齐优美，节奏更跌宕变化。这种“英雄双韵体”在诗歌艺术中达到了神韵独步千古的境界，成为英国诗歌史上的最高成就。
two representatives of Neoclassicism:
*Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏（英国诗人）: Essay on Man双韵体长诗《论人》 1）（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有
哲理性。）
2）As a representative of the Enlightenment，Pope was one of the first to introduce Rationalism理性
主义 to England....
英国文学史复习大纲
