英语语法手册
to go to the theatre(cinema)到剧院(电影院)去看戏(电影) 专有名词前冠词的用法
专有名词前一般不用冠词,如Shanghai上海,Britain英国,Edgar Snow埃德加·斯诺。但在下列几种场合中,却经常要用定冠词。
1)在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛的名称前。如: the Yellow River黄河,the Baltic(Sea)波罗的海,the Pacific (Ocean)太平洋,the Atlantic(Ocean)大西洋,the Xisha islands西沙群岛,the Tianshan Mountains天山,the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山。
2)在含有普通名词的专有名词前。如: a)某些国名前:
the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国,the United States of America美国(有些国名并不含有普通名词,但也用定冠词,如:the Philippines菲律宾,the Sudan苏丹。)
b)某些机关团体等组织名称前:
the National People's Congress全国人民代表大会,the State Council国务院,the United Nations联合国
c)朝代、时代的名称前:
the Tang dynasty唐朝,the Warring States period战国时代。 3)在某些建筑物的名称前。如: the National Art Gallery国家美术馆,the Great Wall长城,the Peking Zoo北京动物园,the British Museum大英博物馆。
4)在报纸、杂志、旅馆等名称前。如: the People's Daily《人民日报》,the Reader's Digest读者文摘,the Being Hotel北京饭店。
5)在姓名复数形式前,指一家人。如:
The Lius have moved to Tianjin.刘家已经搬到天津去了,
The Greens came to China for a visit last year.格林一家去年来中国访问过。
抽象名词和物质名词前冠词的用法
1)抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时,前面通常不用冠词,但特指时,则须用定冠词。试比较:
War is the continuation of politics.战争是政治的继续。
Our battalion fought north and south during the Anti - Japanese War. 我们这个营在抗日战争时期转战南北。 He is fond of music.他喜欢音乐。
Did you like the music of the film?你喜欢这个影片的音乐吗?
Science is making rapid progress in China.中国科学正在飞速发展。 Physics is the science of matter and energy.物理学是研究物质和能量的科学。
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英语语法手册
China is rich in oil. 中国石油丰富。
The oil produced in Dagang is of first-rate quality.大港油田生产的石油质量是头等的。
2)抽象名词和物质名词如果具体化,表示一个具体情况或动作或某一类物质时,前面可用不定冠词。如:
It is a great joy to live in New China.生活在新中国真幸福。
Liu Hulan has an ardent love for the people and a deep hatred for the enemy.刘胡兰热爱人民,痛恨敌人。
Mao-tai is a famous Chinese liquor.茅台是一种中国的名酒。 She built a fire.她生了个火。 -Have a smoke?
--No,thanks. I gave Up smoking long ago. --抽支烟吧?
--谢谢,我早戒烟了。 不用冠词的场合
1)专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前,一般不用冠词。如:
Canada加拿大,Japanese日语,love爱,hatred恨,glass玻璃,water水。
2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代词时,不用冠词。如:
That is my cap.那是我的帽子。
I enjoyed every minute of it.我自始至终都玩得痛快。
I want this book, not that one.我要这本书,不要那本书。 3)季节、月份、星期几等名称前,一般不用冠词。如: Spring has come.春天来了。
Winter is the best time for skating.冬天是溜冰的最好季节。
Her little daughter was born in April 1987.她的小女儿于1987年4月出生。
We have mathematics on Monday.我们星期一有数学课。
[注]季节前有时也用冠词。如in the spring在春季。当然也可以说in spring。
4)复数名词表示某一类人或事物时,不用冠词。如:
I don't approve of cousins marrying.我不赞成表兄妹结婚。 Books are my best friends.书是我最好的朋友。
5)称呼语前面不用冠词,表示头衔和职务(这种职务一般只由一人担任)的名词的前面也常不用冠词。如:
What does this word mean, Father?这个词是什么意思,爸爸?
Mrs. Johnson is director of the office.约翰逊太太是办公室主任。 6)在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。如:
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英语语法手册
by air乘飞机,at night夜间,in fact事实上,in danger在危险中,after school放学后,at home在家中,in town在城里,to go to school上学去,to go to bed去睡觉,to go to class去上课,from door to door挨门挨户,from morning till night从早到晚。
7)三餐饭的名称前,常不用冠词。如: Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭了吗?
After lunch we usually have a nap.午饭后我们一般都睡午觉。 What did you have for supper?你晚饭吃什么了?
[注]但指一特定的餐食时则须用定冠词,如Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快来,要不饭就凉了)。
8)球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。如:
My younger brother likes to play table tennis.我弟弟喜欢打乒乓球。 Let's go and watch them play chess.让我们去看他们下棋去。 9)节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词。如: New Year's Day元旦 National Day国庆节 May Day五一劳动节 Children's Day儿童节 Christmas Day圣诞节
10)报纸和文章的标题常常省去冠词。如:
Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 《北京来信:首都棉纺厂的妇女》(文章标题,letter之前省去了不定冠词a。)
Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板们使要求增加工资的谈判陷于僵局。(报纸标题,bosses前省去the,deadlock前省去a, pay increase talks前省去the。)
[英语语法手册]代词
定义 代词(pronoun)是代替名词的词: 代词在句子中的功用
a)和名词一样,可作主语、宾语和表语。b)有些代词和形容词一样,可作定语。如:
a) I am reading The Arabian Nights.我在读《天方夜谭》。(作主语) This is John Smith speaking.(打电话用语)我是约翰·史密斯。(作主语) Can I help you?我能帮你的忙吗?(作宾语) That's all.我的话完了。(作表语)
b)His father is an eye-doctor.他父亲是个眼科医生。(作定语) All men are equal.所有的人都是平等的。(作定语) 3)格的变化 有些代词有格的变化,如 I 我(主格),me我(宾格),Who谁(主格),whom谁(宾格)。某些代词有所有格,如whose谁的,other's别人的,somebody's某人的,one's一个人的。
4)单复数形式 有些代词有单数和复数形式。少数代词的复数形式和名词的
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英语语法手册
复数形式的变化规则相同,如one-ones,other-others。其他如人称代词、物主代词、自身代词和指示代词等,其复数形式与此不同,须个别记忆。
5)有或没有冠词 代词之前一般不用冠词,只有少数例外。如:the other,the others,a few,a little等。
种类
英语有下列几种代词:
1)人称代词(personal pronoun)
a)主格:I,he,she,it,we,you,they. b)宾格:me,him,her,it,us,you,them. 2)物主代词(possessive pronoun):
a)形容词性物主代词:my,his,her,its;our,your,their. b)名词性物主代词:mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs. 3)自身代词(self-pronoun):myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,oneself.
4)相互代词(reciprocal pronoun):each other,one another. 5)指示代词(demonstrative pronoun):this,that,these,those,such,same.
6)疑问代词(interrogative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,what. 7)关系代词(relative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,that. 8)不定代词(indefinite pronoun):some,something,somebody,someone,any,anything,anybody,anyone,no,nothing,nobody,no one,every,everything,everybody,everyone,each,much,many,little,a little,few,a few,other,another,all,none,one,both,either,neither.
人称代词概说 表示\我',、\你\、\他\、\我们\、\你们\、\他们\等的词,叫做人称代词。 人称代词的用法
1)人称代词主格的用法 a)作主语
I am a cook.(炊事员) We are cooks,
You are a teacher.(教师) You are teachers. He is a barber.(理发员) The yare barbers. She is a nurse.(护士)The yare nurses. It is a cart.(大车) They are carts. b)作表语
It's I .是我。 Oh,it's you. 噢,是你。
[注一]第一人称单数人称代词I (我)永远要大写。(见上面例句)
[注二]口语习惯上不说it's I (he, she等),而说It's me (him,her等)。
2)人称代词宾格的用法
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英语语法手册
a)作及物动词的宾语
The dog bit him.那只狗咬了他。
Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim yesterday.我们的体育老师昨天教我们游泳。
This is my new hat. Do you like it ?这是我的新帽子,你喜欢吗? b)作介词的宾语
My brother often writes tome.我弟弟常给我写信。 They took good care of us.他们无微不至地照料我们。 3)人称代词的其他用法 各人称代词除按照自身的人称、数和格使用外,还有下列一些特殊用法:
a)报刊的编辑和文章的作者,在发表观点时,常用we代替I (同样用our代替my)。如:
We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.我们相信中国的造船业将会有更大的发展。
In our opinion this is the best film of the year.我们认为这是今年最好的影片。
b)用she来代替国家、城市、船舶、飞机以及动物等,以表示亲切和爱抚。如:
That's the picture of the Dongfeng; she is a 10,000 - ton class ocean - going freighter.那是万吨远洋货轮东风号的照片。
The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.那狗看见主人就摇尾巴。
c)北有时可用来代替小孩(child)和婴儿(baby)。如:
The child smiled when it saw its mother.小孩见到母亲就笑了。 d) they可用来代替一般的人,特别在\中。如:
They say there's going to be another good harvest this year.人们说今年又是个丰收年。
物主代词概说
表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词,也可叫做代词所有格。 物主代词的用法
1)形容词性物主代词用作定语
I love my work in the hospital.我喜欢我在医院的工作。
How many students are there in his (her) class?他(她)班上有多少学生?
There are many good teachers in our school.我们学校有许多好老师。 I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains. 我上星期六看了一个电影,名叫《平原游击队》。 2)名词性物主代词用作主语、宾语和表语 a)用作主语:
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