高中英语语法知识汇编 第一章:基本知识
一. 简单句的五种基本结构
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 英语五种基本句型列式如下: 一: S V (主+谓)
二: S V P (主+系+表) 三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾) 五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补) 基本句型 一:S V (主+谓) It is raining now.
We've worked for 5 hours.
The meeting lasted half an hour. Time flies.
基本句型 二: S V P (主+系+表)
系动词主要是be. 但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词,有人称之为半系动词。
常见的半系动词有:
(1)表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等; (2)表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等;
(3)表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。 系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语 He is a student.
Your idea sounds great.
基本句型 三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。 She likes English. We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday. 基本句型 四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾) 一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。 如:He give me a cup of tea. (S V o O) He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me. She gave John a book.= She bought a book for me. 基本句型 五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表 完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补 语:位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓 系,它们一起构成复合宾语。 The war made him a soldier.
New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work.
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road. 句子种类: 1)简单句:
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句:
由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同. 1、连接两个同等概念。The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. 2、表示选择。Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折。 He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系
August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 3)复合句:
当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时,整个句子就成为复合句了。 1. It is wrong. (只有一个主谓结构,是简单句) What he said is wrong. 2. The boy over there is my brother.
3. The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother. 4. I was doing my homework at six.
I was doing my homework when he came in.
考点: 两个主谓结构时,要用连接词,变为并列句或复合句 判断正误
I like English, my English is very good.( ) I like English and my English is very good.( ) As I like English, my English is very good. ( ) I have a house, its windows are very big. ( ) I have a house and its windows are very big. ( ) I have a house, whose windows are very big. ( ) 试真题
单句改错
1 Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.
2 If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. 3 Mom has a full-time job, so she has to do most of the housework. 4 There the air is clean or the mountain are green.
5 A passenger realized he couldn’t find his ticket but became quite upset. 6 If you notice that someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher
单句填空.
1 It was time for her to have a new baby,_____ it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
2 He is a shy man, ____ he is not afraid of anything or anyone.
3 But the river wasn’t changed in a few days ____ even a few months. 4 Give me a chance ,____ I will give you a wonderful surprise.
5 It is not easy to change habits,____ with awareness and self-control , it is possible.
第二章 名词 考纲解读 : 掌握高考常考名词的词义及其单复数形式,并能在具体语境中灵活运用
命题趋势:1 语法填空主要考查学生对句子结构的理解, 根据名词的地位和作用,对所给 单词的进行名词及名词的格的转换,或根据数量要求考查名词的单复数形式。
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。 1.1 名词复数的规则变化 情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies 1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。
如:two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes。 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词ZYB可调式渣油泵变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b. 去f, fe 加 ves,如:half---halves