新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习
英语句型基本结构
1．主+谓（不及物动词）
Man can think. The fire is burning.
不可忽视：常用不及物动词有 break, breathe, burn, smoke, swim, skate, appear, disappear, work, think etc.
2．主+谓+表语（系动词） He became a scientist.
She is getting more and more beautiful.
不可忽视：常用系动词： be, get, turn, feel, seem, appear, look taste, sound, smell, become, go, prove etc.
3．主+谓+宾（及物动词）
We love peace. They will paint the door.
常用动词有：see, watch, need, love, like, study, answer, carry, etc. 4．主+谓+宾+宾补
We elected him president. They painted the door white. I advised the students to recite the texts. 王牌重点：常用作宾补的形式：
（1）名词：The couple named their baby Johnson. （2）形容词：I keep the door open.
（3）副词：The naughty boy knocked the bottle over. （4）不定式：He ordered his men to fire.
（5）分词：He heard me singing. I saw the vase broken. （6）介词短语：They look on him as a teacher. （7）名词性从句：I asked him what he was doing.
5．（1）主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语 My friend bought me a gift. I passed him the book. （2）主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾 My friend bought a gift for me. I passed the book to him. 常与介词 for 搭配的动词有：
buy, make, do get, play, call, choose, cook, fetch, find, keep order, save, etc. 常与介词 to 搭配的动词有：
bring, give, grant, hand, pass, lend, offer, pay, promise, sell, send, show, each, tell, throw, write, etc.
一、一般现在时：
1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s”， works，takes
（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”, carry → carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”, goes dresses watches brushes 2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作：
e.g.: Birds fly. She loves music. Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。
e.g. I always take a walk after supper. She writes to me very often. Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally. （3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实：
The earth moves round the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Two and two makes four. No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。 （4）表将来：
A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，so long as, where, whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。 例如： I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow. Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go. B．按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。
The play begins at 6:30 this evening. When does the plane take off? He leaves for that city next week. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning.
二、现在进行时：is / am / are + 现在分词
1．表示现在正在进行的动作。如
The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? The workers are building a new bridge across the river. Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight（体重增加）。 2．表现阶段正进行的动作。
He is taking physics this semester. We are preparing for our final examination this week. 3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。 Look! The bus is coming. The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
4．与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩，赞赏或厌恶。 He is always thinking of others. The boy is continually making noises.
The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.（老师一直在批评她迟到。） 5．下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见） ，know（知道），understand （理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得），look（看起来）， seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来）， require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心），like（喜欢），hate（讨厌），love（喜爱）， detest（憎恨），desire（意欲） 注意：have a party / think about可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”。
三、一般过去时。
1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
We visited the school last spring. I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day. They would not leave until she came back.
My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.
3．一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。） ● Her brother was a chemist.（已去世） ● Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在） ● That's all I had to say.（话已说完） ● That's all I have to say.（言之未尽） ● It was so nice to see you.（离别时用） ● It is so nice to see you.（见面时用） ● Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上） ● Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）
四、过去进行时：where / was + 现在分词
1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening. When I arrived, they were watching TV. They were doing housework this time last week. 2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。 She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast. 3．过去某时将发生的事。
They told me that they were leaving for New York. He was going out when I arrived.
五、现在完成时：have / has + 过去分词
1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。 ● He hasn't seen her lately. ● I haven't finished the book yet.
2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since, for a long time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）…… He has worked here for 15 years. I have studied English since I came here.
The foreigner has been away from China for a long time. So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。 黄金要点：
I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go, refuse（拒 绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒） ，buy，borrow，lend ...（背三遍！） II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。 ● She has gone away for a month.（误） ● She has been away for a month （正） ● The man has died for two years.（误）
● The man has been dead for two years.（正） ● How long have you bought the book? （误） ● How long have you got the book.（正） 4．注意 since的用法：
They haven't had any trouble since they came here. It has been ten years since we met last time. He has been here since 1980. He has been here since ten years ago. 5．几组对比：
He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。 She has gone. 她已走了。 She is gone. 她缺席了。（or 她死了。）
The door has been closed. 门关上了。（动作）The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）
六．过去完成时：had + 过去分词
1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。 ● They had got everything ready before I came.
● The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than等固定句型结构中。（此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一……就”）
● She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
● No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents. （注意 no sooner 在句首时句型倒装。）
3．intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
● I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave. ● They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather.
七．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
● He will graduate from the college next year. ● We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. 2．将来时的其它结构：
I. be going to do something. 打算做某事。
● I'm going to buy a new coat this fall. [be going to与will的对比：下列情况须用will ] ● I'll be sixteen years old next year. ● It will be the 20th of August tomorrow. ● When he comes, I will give him your message. II. be + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。 ● Am I to take over his work? ● We are to meet at the gate. III. be about to do sth. 即将做某事。
● The talk is about to begin. 3．重点补充：
be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事
set out to do sth. 着手做某事 set about doing sth. 开始做某事
八、过去将来时
过去将来时的谓语为：would/should + 动词原形（would 通用于所有人称，should 只用于第一人称；should 和would 可缩写为“ ’d ”；should not 和 would not 的缩写形式分别为 shouldn't 和 wouldn't 。） 过去将来时的用法：
1．表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句中。
He said that they would meet me at the station. I told her I should （或 would）return the book in a few days. Mr. Smith told me that he'd begin to write the book soon.
九、过去完成进行时
had been + 现在分词
I had been here waiting for 30 minutes before he arrived. 他到之前，我已等了30分钟了。
过去完成进行时的用法：表示动作从过去某一时间之前开始，到过去某一时间仍在进行或刚刚结束；同过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时必须以某一特定过去时间为前提。同现在完成时相似，过去完成进行时也强调动作的持续性。
如：He had been living here before he went to England.
I had been waiting in the room for half an hour before she called me in. She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in. 比较：The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy.
The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
新概念英语第二册语法
