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名词性从句 （Norminal Clause）
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
一、 引导名词性从句的关联词
A．that
连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。 I hear (that) he has joined the football club. 我听说他已经加入了足球俱乐部。 That light travels in straight line is known to all. 众所周知，光是以直线传播的。 It so happens that I know the man. 碰巧我认识那个。 Is it certain that they will win 他们一定会赢吗 B．whether和if
连词whether和if本身有意义（解释是否），在从句中不可省略。 1．whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。
I didn't know whether he would attend the concert. 我并不知道他是否参加音乐会。（宾语从句，可用if代替whether）
The question is whether it s worth trying. 问题是值不值得试一试。（表语从句，不可用if代替whether）
Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她来不来都没有关系。（主语从句，不可用if代替whether）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。（同位语从句，不可用if代替whether）
2．whether引导的宾语从句可作介的宾语，而if则不能。
It all depends on whether they will support us. 这完全取决于他们是否支持我们。(不用if) Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. 瑞恩担心是否伤害了她的感情。 3．if既可引导语从句，也可引导宾语从句。如果用if会引起歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。 Please let me know if you want to join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（if引导的从句可被看成是宾语从句，if表示是否）
Please let me know if you want to join us. 如果你想加入我们的话，请告诉我一声。（if引导的从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示如果）
Please let me know whether you want t join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（为避免引起歧义，可用whether表示是否）
C．who, whom, whose, what, which
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
No one knows who he was waiting for. 没人知道他当时在等谁。
We are worrying about what we should do next. 我们正在为下一步该怎么办而烦恼。 Tell me whose house it is. 告诉我这是谁的家。
Let me know which train you will be arriving on. 告诉我你将乘哪列火车到达。 D．where, when, how, why
连接副词where, when, how, why等在从句中既是连接词，又作状语。
I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我们将在哪儿开会。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum. 我急于知道我们什么时候能参观博物馆。 比较：
when引导的时间状语从句和名词性从句中的不同时态。
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Please lt me know when you arrive. 你到的时候，请告诉我一声。（when引导的是时间状语从句，从句中用一般现在时来表示将来。）
Please let me know when you will arrive. 请告诉我你什么时候到。（when引导的是宾语从句，从句中用一般将来时。）
E．whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosever
连接代词whoever = anyone who任何人, 无论谁；whatever =anything that凡是...，无论什么；whichever = anything that无论那一个, 任何一个；whomever = anyone whom （whoever的宾格形式）。
Whoever comes to the club is welcome. 不论谁来参加这个俱乐部都欢迎。 Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的就值得做好。
They ate whatever they could find o the deserted island. 他们在荒岛找到什么就吃什么。 You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
I'll take whichever book interests me.我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。
Whosever book is overdue will be fined. 不管谁的书过期未还都要被罚款。 比较：
连接代词whoever在宾语从句中作主语，whomever作宾语从句中宾语。
You may offer he book to whoever wants it. 你可把这本书给任何想要的人。（此句中不能使用whomever，因为whoever在宾语从句中作wants it的主语）
You may offer the book to whomever you like.你可把这本书给任何你喜欢的人。（whomever在宾语从句中作you like的宾语）
二、宾语从句
在复合句中用作动词宾语或介词宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 A. 作动词宾语
He told us（that）he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。 Do you know whose dictionary it is 你知道这是谁的字典？
He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan. 他已经通知我他们将什么时候讨论工作计划
Give a reading list to whoever comes. 给所有来的人一份阅读书目。 注意：
doubt（怀疑）的肯定句接ifwhether引导的宾语从句，但否定句和疑问句接that引导的宾语从句。
I doubt whether if he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I do not doubt that he can recite the poem. 我相信他能把这首诗背下来。 Do you doubt that he will win 你不相信会获胜吗 B．作介词的宾语
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
They were praised or criticizd according to how they had done their work. 他们受表扬还是受批评是根据他们工作好坏而定。
He goes to the library every day except when it is raining. 除了天下雨外，他每天都去图书馆。 注意：
that引导的宾语从句只用在少数介词后，如：except, in, but等。此时，that不能省略。 I know little about him except that he lives downstais. 我对他知之甚少，只知道他住在楼下。 He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 他和他的同学们不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在阅读上。
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C. 作形容词的宾语
I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。
I'm afraid (that) you don't understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。 I'm suprised (that) I didn't see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没见过那一切。 D. 用it作形式宾语的情况
1．和it作形式主语一样，我们常用it来作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句放在句末，这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的句子中。
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give n. 他已表明他不会屈服。 2．由于that引导的宾语从句一般不可以直接作介词的宾语，因此当介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时，必须使用it作形式宾语。
You may depend on it that I shall always support you. 你可以放心我会永远支持你的。
I'll see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately. 我保证你的问题会立即得到处理的。 3．在take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on等动词以及一些表示爱好的动词（enjoy, hate, like, love, don't mind, resent 等）之后，形式宾语it可直接跟宾语从句。
I take it that he's not interested in the book. 我猜想他对这本书不感兴趣。 She hid it that she was married. 她隐瞒了她已婚的事实。
I don't like it when you look at me like that! 我不喜欢那样看我。
4. it不能作由连接代词 whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引导的宾语从句的形式宾语。
You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
I'll take whichever book interests me.我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。
We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it. 我们乐意帮助任何需要帮助的人。 E．宾语从句的语序
和其他词性从句一样，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。 How can I get to the station Can you tell me
→Can you tell me how I can get to the station 你能告诉我怎样去车站吗？ What does he like I wonder?
→I wonder what he likes. 我想知道他喜欢什么。
Where were you born He asked?→He asked me where I was born. 他问我出生的地方。 比较：
He asked me what was the matter. 他问我出了什么事。(the matter = wrong) He asked me what the matter was. 他问我那是什么物质。 F．宾语从句中的时态
1．在一般情况下，宾语从句中时态要和主句相一致，尤其是主句为过去时态时。 He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberatin. 他说自解放以来他一直住在北京。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English. 他明确地说他更喜欢学英语。 2．有时，宾语从句中时态也可以和主句不一致。
You can't imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game.你无法想象他们获得比赛第一名时是多么的兴奋。
Can you make sure where you have pu the gold ring 你能确定你把金戒指放哪儿了吗？ 3．客观真理和自然规律的内容在宾语从句中时态保持不变。
Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun. 迈克问地球是否绕着太阳转。 Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。 G．关于that的省略
一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可省略。 1．介词后面的that不能省。
Pter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。
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2．并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，and前面的that可以省略， and的后面的that不能省略。
Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
My uncle says (that) he has servd here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔说他在这儿工作已二十年了，下个月即将退休。 3．that引导的宾语从句位于句首时，that不可省略。
That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe. 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 4．主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。
He said that, if he could manag it, he would come for dinner. 他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。
5．宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。
He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。
H．宾语从句的否定转移
在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy等动词后的宾语从句，如有否定意思，一般要把否定词前移到主句的语上，从句的谓语用肯定的形式。
I don't think he can do it better than me. 我想他不会干得比我好。
I don't believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。 I don't suppose he cares, does he 我想他不会在意的，是吗？ 提示：
在下列情况下，宾语从句不否定转移： 1．think等词前有副词和表示强调的do
I really expect he wont fail the examination. 我真希望他不会不通过考试。 I do think that he is not fair. 我确实认为他是不公正的。 2．think等词和其他词构成并列谓语
I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards. 我想，也希望他打牌不会作弊的。 3．think等词作为插入语
His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的决定并不明智。 I．使用虚拟语气的宾语从句
1．在suggest insist, order, demand, request, require, command, propose, desire等表示建议、命令、要求、欲望动词后面的宾语从句中，用虚拟语气，即should +动词原形，should常被省略。 He suggested that we should have a further discussion about the final decision. 他建议我们对最后的决定作进一步讨论。
She insisted that they should sow her their passports. 她坚决要求他们向她出示护照。 2．在wish后面的宾语从句中需要用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反或难以实现的愿望。 How I wish I had learned more! 我多么希望我以前多学一些啊！
He wishes he would have another chance to go abroad. 他希望能再有一次出国的机会。 J．含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句 ①反意疑问句一般与主句一致。
He said they were going to help me, didn't he？ 他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？
She told you that the mat was her own work, didn't she 她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？ ②当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。
I supposeyou're serious, aren't you 我想你是当真的，不是吗？(不可用don't I) I don't suppose he's serious, is he 我想他不是当真的，是吗？ (不可用do I) 提示：
如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。
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You don't think we can speak English, do you 你认为我们不会说英语，对吗？
He thinks he's got the right answer,doesn't he 他认为自己找到了正确的答案，是吗？
三、 表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。 A．可接表语从句的连系动词
可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。 Itappears that he has a taste for music.看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力.
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn' t think of the right word anyhow. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
B．as, as ifthough引导的表语从句
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 It sounds as ifsomeone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。 C．because, why引导的表语从句
I think it is because you are talking too much. 我想这是因为你话说得太多。
That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（That's because ? 强调原因） That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（Tha's why ? 强调结果） 注意
what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，一般不宜用because。
The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。 What cost him his life was that he was too careless. 使他丧命的原因是他太粗心了。 D．使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, insistence, plan, idea等。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
His proposal was that they (should ) challenge the other classes to afriendly competition. 他的提议是挑战别的班级进行一场友谊竞赛。
四、 同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导。 A．同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等的面。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come 你在哪儿听说我不能来？ I have no idea whether he'll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going t spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。 There is no doubt that we will win. 毫无疑问我们会赢的。 注意：
当含有同位语从句的主句谓语部分过短时，可以把谓语动词提前，使同位语从句与名词隔开，以避免头重脚轻的现象。
Word came that Mr President would come and inspect ourschool himself. 有消息说总统先生将亲自来视察我们学校。
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B．使用虚拟语气的同位语从句 在一些表示建议、命令、要求的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。
This is our only request that this (hould) be settled as soon as possible. 尽快解决这个问题，这是我们唯一的请求。
He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。
名词性从句课件
