医学知识双语阅读
导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《医学知识双语阅读》的内容，具体内容：下面我为大家带来，欢迎大家学习!：口腔检查Examination of the oral cavity is part of every general physica... 下面我为大家带来，欢迎大家学习! ：口腔检查
Examination of the oral cavity is part of every general physical examination. Oral findings in many systemic diseases are unique, are sometimes pathognomonic, and may be the first sign of the disease. Early detection of oral cancer may be possible.口腔检查是全身检查的一部分.在许多系统性疾病中,口腔表现是独特的,有时是病征性的,可以是疾病的首先征兆.口腔癌的早期发现是可能的.
A dental history is obtained first. It may indicate a particular dental problem or neglect of dental care. A complaint of difficulty in chewing food suggests insufficient teeth for proper mastication, loose or painful teeth, poorly fitting dental appliances, or disorders of the temporomandibular joint or the masticatory muscles. Slight bleeding after brushing suggests mild gingivitis; frequent, spontaneous, or profuse bleeding may indicate a blood dyscrasia. Recurring oral infections may indicate diabetes mellitus (the most common cause), agranulocytosis, neutropenia, leukemia,
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immunoglobulin defects, or disorders of leukocyte function. Immunosuppressed persons may experience painful reactivation of oral herpes simplex or other infections, with pain, oral ulcerations, and consequent interference with food intake.首先采集口腔科病史,可提示一个特别的口腔问题或被忽略的口腔保健.主诉咀嚼食物困难提示能行使咀嚼功能的牙齿缺失或疼痛,或颞颌关节及咀嚼肌群功能紊乱.刷牙后轻度出血,提示轻度牙龈炎;经常的,自发的,大量出血,表示血液病.反复出现的口腔感染,可能存在糖尿病(此为最常见原因),粒细胞缺乏症,中性粒细胞减少症,白血病,免疫球蛋白缺乏病或白细胞功能紊乱.免疫抑制者可经历口腔单纯疱疹的疼痛反应,并伴有口腔溃疡而导致妨碍摄食. A thorough evaluation requires good illumination, a tongue blade, gloves, and a gauze pad. A dental or laryngeal mirror, if available, is helpful.全面的评估需要良好的照明,压舌板,手套和纱布垫.口镜或咽喉镜有助于口腔检查.
The examiner initially looks at the face for appreciable asymmetry, skin lesions, and other abnormalities, such as restricted movement during speech, as occurs in scleroderma or acromegaly. Numerous congenital syndromes produce characteristic facies. For example, a very thin upper lip suggests the fetal alcohol syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome. Trauma in youth, particularly blunt trauma to the point of the chin, can damage growth centers in the condyles and lead to unilateral or bilateral impairment of mandibular growth.
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Idiopathic hypertrophy of one or both sides of the mandible or other parts of the face may distort the face, as may acromegaly or a salivary gland or jaw tumor. If the posterior teeth or dental prostheses are missing, the cheeks may be sunken, producing a prematurely aged or cachectic appearance. One or both cheeks may appear swollen due to cherubism, parotitis, Sjgrens syndrome, tumor, an excessively thick denture flange, or cellulitis from an abscessed tooth. Multiple basal cell carcinomas on the face may indicate the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, which alerts the examiner to look for multiple odontogenic keratocysts on x-rays.检查者首先观察面部有无明显的不对称,皮肤病损和其他的不正常,如当说话时运动受限常出现于硬皮病或肢端肥大症.许多先天性综合征均产生特殊的面貌.例如,很薄的上唇提示胎儿酒精综合征或Prader-Willi综合征,青少年时期的创伤,特别是颊部的钝伤,能伤及髁状突的生长中心和导致下颌骨单侧或双侧生长发育受损.下颌一侧或双侧自发性肥大,或面部其他部分自发性肥大,如肢端肥大症或涎腺肿瘤或颌骨肿瘤均可破坏面部外貌.如果后牙或义齿缺失,颊部会凹陷而形成早老的或恶病质样的面貌.由于颌骨增大症,腮腺炎,Sjgren综合征,肿瘤,过厚的义齿突缘,或牙槽脓肿引致的蜂窝织炎,均可使一侧或双侧颊部肿起.面部多发性基底细胞肉瘤可表现痣样基底细胞肉瘤综合征,这可使检查者留心地在X线片上寻找多发性牙源性角化囊肿.
The lips are palpated. With the patients mouth open, the buccal
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医学知识双语阅读
