2020北京各区高三一模英语分类汇编阅读理解C汇编
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡 上将该项涂黑。 1、（2020北京朝阳一模）
C
A butterfly’s wings can have many jobs besides keeping the insect high up in the air. They may be used to attract mates, or to warn potential attackers to stay away. All of these roles, though, depend on their unchanging colouration. This plays into the idea that butterfly wings are dead tissue, like a bird’s feathers. In fact, that’s not true. For example, in some
species males’ wings have special cells releasing some chemicals which attract females.
Nanfang Yu, a physicist at Columbia University, in New York, has been looking into the matter. Together with Naomi Pierce, a butterfly specialist at Harvard University, he has now shown, in a paper published in Nature Communications in February, 2020, that butterfly wings are, indeed, very much alive.
In their experiments, the two researchers used a laser(激光) to heat up spots on the wings of dozens of butterfly species. When the temperature of the area under the laser reached 40°C or so, the insects responded within seconds by doing things that stopped their wings heating up further. These actions included a butterfly turning around to minimize its profile to the laser, moving its wings up and down or simply walking away.
Butterflies engaged in all of these heat-minimising activities even when the researchers blindfolded them. That suggested the relevant sensors were on the wings themselves. Dr Yu and Dr Pierce therefore searched those wings for likely looking sensory cells. They found some, in the form of neurons(神经元) that were similar to heat detectors known from other insects. They also uncovered disc-shaped cells that appeared to be similar to pressure-sensitive neurons. They guess that these are there to detect deformation of the wing—information an insect could use to control its flight pattern.
The third discovery they made to contradict the “dead wing” idea was that some butterfly wings have a heartbeat. A butterfly’s wings have veins(静脉). These carry a bloodlike liquid which, researchers have now found in males, shows a pulse(脉搏) of several dozen beats per minute. The source of this pulse appears to be the scent(气味) pad, a dark spot on the wings that produces the female-attracting chemicals. Apparently, this “wing heart” acts as a pump that helps bloodlike
liquid through the scent pad.
In all their experiments simulating different environmental conditions, Dr Yu and Dr Pierce consistently found that, different parts of the wing are covered by different sorts of scales(鳞屑). In particular, tubes pass through scales over the scent pads. This improves their ability to spread heat away and helps keep the living parts of a butterfly’s wings alive.
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38. A bird’s feathers are mentioned in Paragraph 1 to A. introduce the latest research findings on a bird B. highlight the special feature of a bird’s feathers C. show common knowledge about butterfly wings
.
D. stress the difference between a butterfly and a bird 39. What can we learn from Dr Yu and Dr Pierce’s experiments?
A. Butterfly wings are complicated living organs. B. Butterfly wings have little reaction to external heat. C. The scent pads on some male butterfly wings are their hearts. D. Heat-minimising activities help detect deformation of the wings. 40. What is the function of scales over the scent pads?
A. Attracting mates. B. Increasing blood flow.
C. Covering powerful tubes. D. Producing the cooling effect. 41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Seeing Is Believing
B. More Than Meets The Eye
D. Fine Feathers Make Fine Birds
C. Nothing Seek, Nothing Find 2、（2020北京东城一模）
C
We Are Cyborgs
RoboCop, the Bionic Woman, Darth Vader—what do these characters have in common? They are all cyborgs—humans who are made more powerful by advanced technology. You might think that cyborgs exist only in fiction, or are a possibility only in the distant future. But cyborg technology already exists.
The word “cyborg” was first used in 1960 and defined as an organism “to which external components have been added for the purpose of adapting to new environments”. According to this definition, an astronaut in a spacesuit is an example of cyborg, as the spacesuit helps the astronaut adapt to a new environment—space. More recently, the word has evolved to refer to human beings who have mechanical body parts that make them more than human.
Although super-humans like RoboCop are not yet a reality, advances in real-life cyborg technology allow some people to compensate for abilities they have lost, and give other people new and unusual abilities. An example is
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filmmaker Rob Spence and his bionic eye. Spence injured one of his eyes in an accident. A camera was implanted in his prosthetic eye（假眼）. The eye is not connected to his brain or optic nerve（视神经）, but it can record what he sees. Spence has used his camera eye to record interviews for a documentary about people with bionic body parts.
Some types of cyborg technology replace a lost ability by connecting directly to a person’s nerves. Michael Chorost completely and suddenly lost his ability to hear in July of 2001. Two months later, doctors placed a cochlear implant, a kind of computer, inside his skull. This type of implant connects to auditory nerves and allows a deaf person to hear again. Around the world, over 300,000 people have now been fitted with cochlear implants.
These examples of cyborg technology have enabled people to enhance or change their abilities and improve their lives. But does everyone want to use cyborg technology? It might be too late to decide. Cyborg scientist Amber Case argues that most of us are already cyborgs. Anyone who uses a computer or a smartphone, Case claims, is a cyborg. Consider the data that you have in your smartphone. It keeps information for you so you don’t have to remember it: notes, phone numbers, email addresses, messages. It also allows you to communicate with friends and family via telephone, text messages, email, and social networks.
The potential benefits of cyborg technology are evident, but can this new technology be harmful, too? Could we become too dependent on cyborg technology—and become less than human? These still remain questions. 38. According to the passage, the cyborg _______.
A. is similar to human beings B. took root in fiction characters C. first appeared in space industry D. has some device attached to the body 39. With the help of cyborg technology, _______.
A. eyesight can be restored B. the nerve injury can be repaired
C. lost abilities can be replaced by a new skill D. hearing loss can be prevented by cochlear implants 40. Amber Case probably thinks that ______.
A. technology makes cyborgs become common B. cyborg technology is crucial to modern society C. the use of mobiles improves cyborg technology D. cyborg technology helps improve human memory
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41. What is the author’s attitude toward cyborg technology?
A. Critical.
B. Skeptical.
C. Optimistic.
D. Objective.
3、（2020北京房山一模）
C
The research from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that food allergies ( 过 敏 ) in children have increased about 50 percent. Common symptoms of allergic responses include itchy mouth, throat tightening, and difficulties in breathing.
Food allergy is a medical condition of exposure to certain foods. It occurs when the immune system attacks the protein in food that in normal cases is harmless. According to reports, more than 170 foods cause allergic reactions. The major food allergens are in eggs, milk, peanuts, wheat, soy, fish, tree nuts, and crustacean shellfish.
There are several reasons behind the rise in food allergies. The food being produced these days is high in sugar, unhealthy fats, genetically modifies and some food farms have pesticides ( 农 药 ) and other food have been injected drugs. All this can have a negative impact on our microbiome (微生物群), which is the basis of good health and immunity.
In a study comparing two children, a 15-year-old who lived in urban Italy and a 14-year-old child from rural Africa, it clearly showed a significant difference in the diversity of bacteria in their guts. The reason lies in their diet. The child from rural Africa has his diet low in fat and rich in plant-based foods which are grown and harvested locally by villagers. In contrast, the Italian kid’s diet was rich in animal protein, sugar then low in fiber. Ultimately, the microbiome of the kid from Italy was less than that of the kid from Africa. Besides, the so-called ‘hygiene hypothesis’ suggests that decreased exposure to microbes in early life can lead to an increased chance of allergies in later life, because of individuals not having built up immunity at a young age.
Yet another reason for the explosion in allergies may be environmental changes. The environment has seen a rise in temperature and is estimated that in the coming decades the temperature could rise even further by 10 degrees. As a result of this warm climate, the growing seasons will be longer, increasing allergen count thus making allergies even worse. According to scientists, climate change is a contributing factor that needs immediate attention.
Dr. R. Sharon, researcher of Allergy and Asthma Research Centre at Stanford University, believes the cause of allergies will ultimately come down to a combination of many factors.
Food allergies have no cure but can be managed by avoiding food that brings the reactions. Scientists are studying food allergies medical methods for general use. They are all trying to actively understand a certain part of the puzzle when it comes to allergies. 38. What can we learn from the passage?
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A. Scientists have found an effective method to solve food allergies. B. There could be many reasons that combine to lead to food allergies. C. Environmental changes are the most important reason for food allergies. D. To decrease children’s allergies, we should make them eat less every day. 39. In paragraph 4, the two children are mentioned to show that .
A. pesticides have bad effects on people’s food B. a person’s daily diet can affect his microbiome C. food allergies have no cure but can be avoided D. climate change is another factor for food allergies 40. What is the main purpose of this passage?
A. To explain the causes of food allergies. B. To stress the influences of food allergies. C. To introduce the solutions to food allergies. D. To tell people the symptoms of food allergies.
41. What’s the author’s attitude to the treatment of food allergies?
A. Indifferent. C. Doubtful.
B. Positive. D. Critical.
4、（2020北京丰台一模）
C
In industry and medicine, robots routinely build, break down and inspect things; they also assist in surgery and pharmacies. Neither they nor “social” robots—which are designed to engage with people and to establish an emotional connection—behave like The Jetsons’ maid, Rosie, or other beloved robots of fiction. Even so, expect social robots to become more complicated and popular in the next few years.
Like most robots, social robots use artificial intelligence (AI) to decide how to act on information received through cameras and other sensors. The ability to respond in ways that seem lifelike has been informed by research into such issues as how perceptions (认知) form, what constitutes social and emotional intelligence, and how people understand others’ thoughts and feelings. Advances in AI have enabled designers to translate such psychological and neuroscientific (神经学的) insights into algorithms (演算) that allow robots to recognize voices, faces and emotions;
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2020北京各区高三一模汇编--阅读理解C篇 - 图文
