卓尔不凡，超越自我 not only...but (also).../not only…but…as well（不但......而且） 表示并列Not only you but also Jenny often comes late.
neither...nor...（既不......也不......） 表示并列Neither you nor I am right. =Neither I nor you are right. either...or...（或者......或者......） 表示选择Either you or I am right.= Either I or you are right. but（但是） 表示转折 The skirt is nice, but it’s too expensive.
so（因此，所以） 表示原因My mother is waiting for me, so I must be off now. when（当......的时候） 表示时间
while（当......的时候） 表示时间,其后的时间状语一般为进行时态，也可以连接两个同时进行的动作。 as（当......的时候） 表示时间，侧重于―一边…….一边…….‖
Please come and play with me when you are free. While I was eating breakfast, the telephone rang. As Mary walked, she sang songs.
after（在......之后） 表示事情发生的先后顺序
I will invite all of you to dinner after my new house is completed. before（在......之前） 与after构成反义词
You must clean the room before you leave.
as soon as （一......就......） 表示时间，符合主将从现原则。
You should go home as soon as it stops raining.
until（直到） 通常用于not…until的句型中，表―直到…….才…….‖ I didn’t go to bed until eleven o’clock last night. if（如果......） 表示条件，符合主将从现原则。
If she comes back, I will tell you.
If you have any question, please let me know.（主将从祈）
If you have enough time, you can look after our little brother.（主将从情） if（是否）=whether 常用于宾语从句中，表询问。 I want to know if she will come back.
although/though （尽管/虽然......） 表示让步，在中文里我们常常说―虽然......但是......‖，而在英文里，although/though和but不能用在同一个句子中，要单独使用。
Although he has never been to America, he has some American friends. because（因为......） 表示原因，用于回答why的提问。
They were sad because they lost their football match.
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卓尔不凡，超越自我 for（因为） 表示原因，用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。 They must be at home now, for it’s raining.
since（既然） 表示原因，指双方已知晓，无须加以说明的原因或事实。 Since everyone is here, let’s start. 在中文里我们常常说―因为......所以......‖，而在英语里because和so都表示原因，不能够用在同一个句子中，要单独使用。
so…that（如此……以至于……） 表示结果。 = such a/an + adj. + 可数名词单数 + that
such + adj. + 可数名词复数/不可数名词 + that
My sister is so young that she can’t go to school now.
=My sister is such a young girl that she can’t go to school now. so that（结果是…….） 表示结果。
It was raining heavily, so that we stay at home all the morning.
第十四章 现在完成时
一、 定义：表示动作发生在过去 ① 到目前为止已经结束，强调对现在造成的影响。(例1)
② 到目前为止还未结束，并有可能继续持续下去。(例2) 1. I’ve already had lunch. (L83). 2. I’ve lived here for 20 years. (L89) 二、结构：
肯：主语 + have / has + v-ed + 其他
否：主语 + have / has + not + v-ed + 其他 疑：Have / Has + 主语 + v-ed + 其他？
答：肯：Yes,主+ have/has. 否：No, 主+ haven’t/hasn’t. 肯：I have seen the film before. 否：I haven’t seen the film before. 疑：Have you seen the film before？ 答：肯：Yes, I have. 否：No, I havn’t.
解析：(1) have / has 是助动词,帮助构成时态。 (2) v-ed称为过去分词。 e.g. 肯：He has posted the letter.否：He hasn’t posted the letter.
疑：Has he posted the letter? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. 特:I have seen the film at the cinema three times.
(1) 对―主语‖提问：Who has seen the film at the cinema three times? (2) 对―谓宾‖提问：What have you done at the cinema three times? (3) 对―宾语‖提问：What have you seen at the cinema three times? (4) 对―地状‖提问：Where have you seen the film?
总结：现完特句结构：特词 + have / has + 主 + v-ed + 其它 + ? (除了对主语提问) 拓展：1. Tom has been to Beijing twice.
How many times has Tom been to Beijing? 2. I have lived here for 20 years. How long have you lived here?
总结：对―次数‖提问用 ―how many times…‖
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对―for + 一段时间‖提问用 ―how long‖. 三、标志性时间状语
1. already, just, yet, ever (曾经), never系列：
位臵：already, just, never 常用于―助与行‖之间, 经常用于肯定句中。 yet 常用于否定句或疑问句中的句尾。 ever 常用于一般疑问句中或定语从句中。
e.g. They have just arrived. The film hasn’t started yet. We have already met. Have you ever been to Japan.
She has never been to Beijing. (―never‖从不在句子中出现，本句为否定句) This is the best book I have ever read. It is the best film I have ever seen. 2. recently (近来): in the last few years (在最近几年来) so far 至今为止， before 以前。 这些词的位臵为句首或句尾。
e.g. I have seen the movie before.
Great changes have taken place in Zhengzhou in the last five years. 3. ―for +一般时间‖ 要求前面用延续性动词或状态词的完成时： e.g. I have lived here for 7 years.
常用的―瞬间动词‖如何变成相应的―延续性动词‖：
die—have been dead; buy—have had; join—have been in;
begin—have been on; leave/go—have been away; borrow—have kept; end—have been over; come/ arrive—have been here;
get married—have been married; finish/stop—have been over; get up—have been up;
(1) 他两年前死的。他已经死了二年了。他的死使我们很伤心。 He died two years ago.
He has been dead for two years. His death made us very sad. (2) 火车已经离开10分钟了。
The train has left for 10 minutes. (错句) →
The train has been away for 10 minutes. 4. since
口诀：句中有since, 前面用―现完‖，后用―一般过去时间点‖。 for + 一段时间 即：延续性动词…… + since + 时间点
since + 从句 (过去时)
(1) I have kept a new book from the school library for 2 days. (2) The man has been away since half an hour ago. (3) He has been in China since he left England. (4) We have been here since 9 o’clock.
(5) I’ve lived in London since I was ten years old.
主 + have / has done + since + 一般过去时间点 两个句型 = It is / has been + 一段时间 + since + 主 + 一般过去时的句子 主 + have / has done + since + 一般过去时句子 Tom has been in Zhengzhou since 3 years ago. = It is / has been 7 years since I began to learn English.
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卓尔不凡，超越自我 四、用法： have gone to 与 have been to 区别
Jack is away on holiday. He has gone to France. 杰克去度假了，他到法国去了。
Mr. Chen is back home from holiday. He has been to Beijing. 陈先生度假回来了，他去了北京。 have gone to 与 have been to 区别。
have gone to―去而未归‖，某人到…去了。关键是人已离开出发地，可能在去的路上，可能已到目的地，可能正在这返还的路上，但肯定不是出发地。
have been to―去而已归‖, 关键是已经回来，常与次数连用。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice, but I have never been to Hongkong. She has gone to Shanghai. She isn’t here now.
第十五章 陈述句
一、什么是陈述句？陈述句就是叙述一件事情或表达一种看法的句子。如： + 表语 The telephone rang. (1) 主语 + 系动词I really agree. The fridge is empty.Milk and eggs are good for your health. 二、陈述句的种类
1. 肯定式
2. 否定式
(2) 主语 + 谓语 + 其它Susan likes skating in winter. Martin is reading. (1) 谓语为be动词时，‖be+not‖ 构成否定。I’m not busy now. (2) 谓语为―助动词（be, will, shall ; have, has等）+实意动词‖时，―助动词+not‖构成否定。 I am not going to play computer games. Peter has not been to Paris. I won’t finish my homework tomorrow. They hadn’t come back when we arrived home. (3) 谓语为―情态动词+实意动词‖时，―情态动词+not‖构成否定。 You must not go to that house alone. You should not stay up too late. (4) 谓语动词为实意动词而且没有情态动词和助动词时，‖do/does/did not‖ 构成否定。 She didn’t want to the secret to her mother. 第十六章 疑问句 一、什么是疑问句？
用来提出问题的句子叫疑问句。疑问句句末用问号。如：
Are you a teacher? What are you looking for? Are your new clothes red or black? It’s a fine day, isn’t it?
二、疑问句的种类：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句
1. 一般疑问句—通常是以be, have, 助动词或情态动词开头，回答时用yes或no。朗读时用升调。如： Are you from Germany? May I borrow your ruler?
Have you (got) a bike? Does he often swim in summer? Will you go to the park tomorrow? 一般疑问句的回答
一般疑问句的肯定回答用yes，后接肯定结构；否定回答用no，后接否定结构，并用简略形式。如：
--Do you like music? --Yes, I do. --No, I don’t.
一般疑问句的句式是： 1. Am/Is/Are/Was/Were+主语+其它？ 2. Do/Does/Did+主语+动词原形+其它？ 3. Will/Shall/Would/Should+主语+动词原形+其它？ 4. Can/May/Must...+主语+动词原形+其它？ 5. Have/Has/Had+主语+动词过去分词+其它？ 34
卓尔不凡，超越自我
2. 特殊疑问句—是对句子中某一部分提问的疑问句。常用疑问词who, whom, whose, what, which, when, why, where, how（6个―w‖ 1个―h‖）等引导。朗读时，一般用降调。如： Jessie is my friend. → Who is your friend?
John plays football on Sundays. → What does John do on Sundays? (1) What引导的特殊疑问句，常用来询问―什么‖。
What’s the time now, Jack? What colour is the car? What’s the weather like today? What did you do last night? (2) Who引导的特殊疑问句，通常用来询问―谁‖。
Who’s that old man? Who is on duty today? Who can help me? Who told you the news? (3) Whose引导的特殊疑问句，通常用来询问―谁的‖。
Whose wallet is this? Whose dog is it?
Whose trousers are these? Whose glasses are those? (4) Which引导的特殊疑问句，通常用来询问―哪一个‖。
Which colour do you like? Which grade is Jenifer in? Which book are you reading? Which car will they buy? (5) When引导的特殊疑问句，通常用来询问―什么时候‖。
When shall we have a barbecue? When are you taking me to Australia, Mom? When did she go out for a walk? When does the class begin? (6) Why引导的特殊疑问句，通常用来询问―为什么‖。
Why don’t we go together? Why are you late? Why didn’t you finish your homework last night? Why is she crying? (7) Where引导的特殊疑问句，通常用来询问―在哪里‖。
Where were you last night? Where did they have a picnic? Where does Joe live? Where shall we meet this Sunday? (8) How引导的特殊疑问句，通常用来询问―怎么样‖。How are you today? How do you go to school every day?
How还可以和many, much, long, often，soon等词连用共同引导特殊疑问句。
How many carrots does the rabbit eat? （询问数量）How much is the fish? （询问价钱）
How long will you stay there? （询问时间长短）How often do they go to the cinema? （询问频率，―多久一次‖）How soon will he be back? (多久) 特殊疑问句的回答
特殊疑问句，不用yes或no回答，而是要根据实际情况直接回答。---How old are you? ---I’m ten. Whom引导的特殊疑问句也是询问“谁”，但它只能对句子的宾语提问。如：Whom are you talking about?
2. 选择疑问句 选择疑问句 选择疑问句的结构 选择疑问句的回答 选择疑问句是提供两种或两种以上的情况，供对方选择回答的疑问句。全句用or连接，朗读时，or前的部分用升调，or后的部分用降调。 1. 一般疑问句+or+可选择部分 Do you like tea or coffee? Are these peaches red or green? 选择疑问句的回答，不用yes或no回答，要根据实际情况直接回答。 --Are these shoes big or small? --They’re small. 【注】一般疑问句后面加―or not‖也可以构成选择疑问句。 Have you had breakfast or not? 2. 特殊疑问句+可选择部分+or +可选择部分 Which girl is more clever, Tina or Belly? How do you come here, by bike or on foot?
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2017小升初英语语法复习(精)
