卓尔不凡,超越自我 一、发音:
1. 在辅音音素前读:/e?/:eg: the book. 2. 在元音音素前发生音变,读:/ ei:/(重读) 或/ ei/(弱读) 例如:in the afternoon/evening, the old man, the other one 二、八大用法:
口决: ―特指双方熟悉,上文已经提及;
世上独一无二, 序数词最高级; 某些专有名词, 习语以及乐器; 形容词前表一类,姓氏复数表一家。‖
解析: 1. 特指双方熟悉:(说话双方均知道的那个人或物) 例如:Where is the math teacher? He is over there. 2. 上文已经提及: I have a pen. The pen is red.
也符合:第一次提到泛指用a/an, 再次提到特指用the
3. 表 ―世上独一无二‖:The sun is rising. the world, the moon, the earth; 4. 在序数词,形容词最高级前: I am the first to get to school. He is the tallest boy in our school. 5. 某些专有名词: 由普通名词构成的专有名词: 词组:
the Yellow River (黄河), the Summer Palace (颐和园), the United States(美国), the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国), the Children’s Palace(少年宫) 6. 习语以及乐器:
部分习惯用语中n. 前常加the :
all the time (一直), at the age of(在…岁时) , all the same (仍然),at the moment (此刻), do the shopping/washing/买衣服/洗衣服,by the way(顺便说), in the morning, in the open air(在户外), in the east/west/south/north 乐器前必加the:
口决: ―打球下棋者衣冠不整,演奏乐器者衣冠整齐‖
例如:play football,play chess 但: play the piano play the violin
补充:西洋乐器前加 the,但是中国本地的不用。例如:play ___Erhu Key: / 7 . the +(部分)adj.表:―一类人‖:
例如:the poor/rich/old/young/sick/blind/new/dead 8. the +姓s表: ―夫妇俩,一家人‖
例如:The Smiths(=The Smith family) are having lunch.(Smith一家)
第三节 零冠词
用法口决: 下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前; 专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐前;
复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前; (节日、季节)
颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。
解析: (1)―代词‖限定―名词‖前:
当名词前面有―代词‖修饰时,不用冠词。
例如:He is our Math teacher。 (our把a 顶掉) (2)―专有名词‖―不可数‖: 专有名词:单个国名,人名,地名。例如:China, India, England等前不加任何冠词。但the United States, the Great Wall是―由普通名词构成的专有名词‖前必加the。
不可数名词前一般不加冠词,但表特指时加定冠词the。
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卓尔不凡,超越自我
(3)―学科‖―球类‖―三餐‖前;
学科前不用the: 例如:Do you like _______ Maths? Key: / 球类前不加the: play + 球 不用the; (而:play the +乐器) 三餐前不用the: have lunch 但当三餐前有修饰语时,常用a/an : 例如:have a big good (nice, light ) lunch (4)―复数名词‖表泛指:(必定是可数名词)
例如:Horses are useful animals. = A (The) horse is a useful animal. 注意:当泛指―人类‖时,常用Man 来表示。
例如:Man can’t live without(没有) water or air. 没有水和空气人类就不能生存。 ( 而不用the man 或a man. )
(5)―两节(节日、季节)‖―星期‖―月份‖前; 以day组成的节日前不用the:
例如:Children’s Day;Mother’s Day; Mid—Autumn Day 不以Day 结尾的节日前加the :
例如:the Spring Festival,the Mid-Autumn Festival ;the New Year等 季节前一般不加the: 例如:in spring /summer/ autumn(fall) /winter 但是 in the spring of 1992(当有修饰语或特指时可以加the ) On Sunday. In May.
(6)―颜色‖―语种‖和―国名‖:
例如:The book is red. English is a useful language. China is a big country.
(7)―称呼‖―习语‖及―头衔‖.
称呼:Mr. Wang is waiting for you. Here it is, Mom!
习惯用语:by + 工具: by bike/ bus/air/plane/train/ship 等。
词组:be at school , be at work, be in hospital (住院), by mistake (错误地),
at night, here and there(到处), day and night, on time, at home,
on duty, go home, go to bed, be in trouble
头衔前不加冠词:例如:Doctor (头衔) , I have a headache .
第四章 动 词
一、什么是动词? 表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。 二、动词的种类
按照动词的词义和动词在句子中所起的作用来划分,动词可分为五大类:
1. Be动词 be动词很特殊,既可以作系动词又可以作助动词,而且用途广泛。
用法口诀:我用am,你用are,is跟着他她它,复数形式都用are。 2. 实义动词 实义动词也叫行为动词,能独立作谓语。如:
The lion opened its huge mouth and roared(咆哮). 实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1) 及物动词,后面可以直接接宾语。如:Judy found a Christmas gift in the stocking. 2) 不及物动词,不需要宾语。如:The car stopped. 不及物动词后如跟宾语,须加上介词。如:listen to me 3)有些动词既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词。如:
play: play a game; play with yoyo.
4)有些动词既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词,但意义不一样。如:
ask: ask for help; ask him to go out
3. 系动词 系动词也叫连系动词,不能单独作谓语,必须和名词,形容词等一起使用,作句子的谓
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卓尔不凡,超越自我
语。常用的系动词有:
1) be动词(是最基本的系动词) 如:I am from Hollywood.
2) 五官动词:look, sound, smell,taste, feel 如:The boy looks very happy. 3) 变化动词:get,become, turn等。如:The leaves turn green in fall. 4)状态动词:keep,stay等。如:Please keep quiet in the library.
4. 助动词 助动词有be;do, does, did; will(would) ,shall(should); have, has, had等。它们和实义动词
一起构成各种时态、语态,以及构成否定和疑问结构等。如: The child is crying.
5. 情态动词 表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词词义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能与动词原
形一起构成谓语。情态动词有shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought to等。
三、动词的基本形式
动词的五种基本形式 这五种形式的动词和助动词一起构成了动词的各种时态和语态。 1. 动词原形 2. 第三人称单数现在式 3. 过去式 4. 现在分词 5. 过去分词 1. 动词原形 动词原形就是在词典词目中所使用的动词形式。如:be do work live come like 2. 第三人称单数现在式的构成
1)变化口诀:s,es,y变i,have变has。 变化规则 ⑴ 一般情况 词尾+s ⑵ 以-ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o结尾 词尾+es ⑶ 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i,再加 es 动词原形 work, look, want teach, wash, dress, fix, go fly, cry, try 第三人称单数现在式 works, looks, wants teaches, washes, dresses, fixes, goes flies, cries, tries
2)动词单三形式的发音规则
发音口诀:清清,浊浊,元浊,/t, d/后发 /ts/ 和/dz/,遇到/s, z; t?, d? ; ?, ?;/发 /iz/。 ① 当动词尾音为清辅音时,加s或es后发/s/: looks, helps, jumps ② 当动词尾音为浊辅音或元音时,加s或es后发/z/:opens, airs ③ 当动词尾音为/t, d/ 时,加s后发/ts/ 和/dz/:cuts, needs ④ 当动词尾音为/s, z; t?, d? ; ?, ?/时,发/iz/: teaches, washes 3. 过去式和过去分词的构成
1)变化口诀:直,去,双,变。 变化规则 ⑴ 一般情况,词尾+ed ⑵ 以不发音字母e结尾,去e 加ed ⑶ 辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加-ed ⑷ 以―辅+元+辅‖结尾,且重读时,双写末辅+ed 动词原形 walk, work,help decide,hope, like carry, hurry, fly 过去式和过去分词 walked,worked, helped decided, hoped, liked carried, hurried, flied stop, nod, plan stopped,nodded,planned 【注】上面介绍的都是过去式和过去分词的规则变化,也就是―动词原形+ed‖。实际上,还有许多动词的过去式和过去分词的变化是不规则的。如: 1. A-A-A型:动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式都相同:cut---cut, cut(切割) 2. A-B-B型:过去式与过去分词形式相同:bring---brought, brought (带来) 3. A-B-C型:动词原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同:go---went, gone (去)
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卓尔不凡,超越自我 4.A-B型:情态动词没有过去分词:may—might(可能) 这些不规则变化需要逐个记忆。更多的变化可以参考不规则动词表。 2)规则动词过去式,过去分词的发音
发音口诀:清清,浊浊,元浊,/t, d/后发 /id/。 ① 当尾音为清辅音时,加ed后发/t/
looked, jumped, walked, washed, worked, asked, typed, watched, talked, thanked; helped; ② 当尾音为浊辅音或元音时,加ed后发/d/
cleaned, opened, sharpened, turned on, listened ,aired;
③ 与单词尾音/t/一起构成/tid/:dusted, painted, waited, wanted, greeted; 与单词尾音/d/一起构成/did/: decided,needed 4. 现在分词的构成
变化口诀:直,去,双,变。
变化规则 ⑴ 一般情况,词尾+ing ⑵ 以不发音字母e结尾,去e,再加-ing ⑶以―辅+元+辅‖结尾,且重读时,双写末辅+ing (4)以ie结尾时,变ie为y,加ing 动词原形 go, ask, play write, take 现在分词 going, asking, playing come, writing, coming, taking cutting, nodding running, cut, run, nod lie, die, tie lying, dying, tying
四.有关―have‖的必背词组:
have breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper/a meal 吃早餐/午饭/晚餐/一顿饭 have tea/a glass of water:喝茶/一杯水 have a swim游泳 have a bath洗澡
have a haircut理发 have a lesson上课 have a party开晚会 have a holiday度假
have a smoke/cigarette吸烟 have a meeting开会 have a car crash 出车祸 have a rest/break 休息一下 have a look 看一看 have a seat 坐下 have a walk 散步 have a picnic野餐have a try试一试 have a drink 喝一杯 have a picnic 野餐
have a headache/toothache/ cold/cough/a fever 头痛(牙痛/感冒/咳嗽/发烧)(系列) have a good time=have fun过得愉快=enjoy oneself
第五章 现在进行时
一、定义
1. 表示―此刻‖正在进行的动作。His mother is kicking his ass. Look! A fly is flying in the classroom. 2. 表示―现阶段‖正在进行的动作。
The writer is writing a new book these days.这些天作家正在写一本新书。 译文:表示―某人(现在、现阶段)正在做……事‖ 二、句式构成
肯:主+be (am、is、are)+V-ing. (现在分词)。e.g. We are learning English. 我们正在学英语。 否:主+be+not+V-ing。eg :We are not learning English
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卓尔不凡,超越自我 疑: Be+主+V-ing+?Are you learning English? 答:肯:Yes,主+be. 否:No,主+be+not.(缩略式)
特:特殊疑问句常考题型为对划线部分提问--对不同句子成分的提问
The boys are playing games on the playground now.(可对四部分提问但不对时间状语now提问) 1. 对―主语‖(The boys)提问:
Who is playing games on the playground? 2.对―谓语+宾语‖(playing games)提问: What are the boys doing on the playground? 3. 对―宾语‖(games)提问:
What are boys playing on the playground ? 4. 对―地点状语‖(on the playground)提问:
Where are the boys playing games ?
三、动词变化
(一)现在分词V-ing变化规则 口诀:直、去、双、变
―直‖:直接+-ing:doing,going,standing,walking,playing, emptying;
―去‖:去词尾不发音的e+-ing: coming,riding,writing,dancing, making, changing, driving, becoming, inviting, typing, shaving, arriving, phoning, 但:seeing, being不用。
―双‖:双写尾字母+-ing:putting,sitting,running,beginning,swimming,
shopping,shutting, getting, letting, digging, preferring, babysitting (traveling 或traveling) ―变‖:以ie结尾,变ie为y+-ing:die→dying lie→lying tie→tying
(be dying=奄奄一息)
(二)发音规则:-ing发―英‖的音。其应与前面v.的尾音像拼音一样―连读‖即可. 四、标志性―时间状语‖
1. now, at the moment, at this moment,at this time.―现在,此刻‖those days这阶段
e.g. They are playing basketball now. Which company are you working for at present? 解析:这组词意为―现在、此刻‖,表明动作正在发生,故用现在进行时 2.Look! Listen! 口诀:Look! Listen!来提醒,动作正在进行中。 e.g. Listen! Mary is singing. 听!Mary正在唱歌。
Look! He is playing football. 瞧!他在踢足球。 3.Be quiet, Be quick ;Hurry up. 快点
e.g. Be quiet! The baby is sleeping. e.g. Be quick/Hurry up, or you will be late. Be quick. They are waiting for us outside.
总结:以上小的祈使句出现,后面可用―现进‖或―将来‖时态,应依据题意来判断。
五、特殊用法
1.一些介词短语用于―主+系+表‖结构中表进行时
e.g. be at work. 在工作
be at table 在吃饭
be at church 在做礼拜 be at school 在上学
2.表示思想,感情,状态等的动词一般不用于进行时,
e.g. like, love, hope (希望), wish (但愿), want, know, understand, belong to (属于),think (认为), live, have (有). e.g. I live in Beijing. He wants to go shopping with his mother. 3.以下动词如:go, come, leave, start, move, arrive, fly等, 表―来来去去‖的―趋向性‖动词常用―现进‖表―将来‖。 e.g. I am coming. We’re leaving tomorrow.
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2017小升初英语语法复习(精)
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