Recognizing Relationships Between Sentences
辨别句型间的关系
When you are recognizing relationships between sentences, you are identifying the ways authors connect their ideas between their sentences.
Authors can explicitly tell you what this link is by using transition words. OR
Authors can implicitly link ideas in their sentences and the reader
must figure out what the relationship is between the sentences.
There are nine ways authors can create relationships between sentences.
1. Addition
2. Clarification
3. Comparison
4. Contrast
5. Example
6. Location or Spatial Order
7. Cause and effect
8. Summary
9. Time
1. Addition
In addition relationships, authors link elements between their sentences by adding more items and ideas without making one sentence dependent upon another. One idea or item is not emphasized as being more important than others. While both sentences remain equally important and equally stressed, there may be a sense of repetition
since similar information is added to the passage by both sentences.
Example: Successful students complete all their lessons and assignments, submit all their papers and projects, and keep up with all readings. They also prepare for tests by properly studying their notes and assignments in advance.
2. Clarification
Clarification between sentences occurs when authors restate their point to promote understanding. The second sentence will restate a point made earlier in different terms, to help the reader comprehend the concept.
Example: Our club resources are rapidly depleting. In fact, if our spending continues at this rate we will have only twenty dollars in our account by next month.
3. Comparison
Authors make comparisons when two ideas or items have something in common. The author makes a comparison between sentences containing these two ideas or items so the reader recognizes the similarities between them.
Example: As Internet access became prevalent in the 1990s, students began using the Internet as a research tool. Likewise, students in the early 1900s had to adapt to the \
4. Contrast
Authors create a contrast between two sentences when these sentences display differences between them. One way of demonstrating a contrasting relationship is to use sentences that contradict one another.
Example: Sam wrote her final paper a week early and then carefully proofread and edited it. However, Jen wrote her final paper hours before it was due and did not have time to even spell check it.
5. Example
Authors include examples in their sentences to provide a more concrete instance of an idea, event, or general statement they have made. Examples are meant to make general statements more specific.
Example: Effective time management requires some organization and planning. For example, you need to create a weekly schedule of events, you need to keep track of any additional assignments and papers and add them to your schedule, and you need
to adjust your schedule as conflicts arise.
6. Location or Spatial Order
When authors relate one or more items or objects to each other or to the surrounding space, they are using location/spatial order. Often authors will use prepositional words to describe how items relate to one another when using location/spatial order.
Example: The Registrar's Office is next to the Admissions Office, on the first floor of that building. If you enter through those doors, you will see the form you need in a cabinet on your left.
7. Cause and Effect
If one event precedes another event and results in a specific outcome, then the initial event is the \and effect structure, the cause must logically precede the effect.
Example: Myra forgot to bring her disk to the computer lab. As a result, she had to borrow one from her friend so she could save her work.
8. Summary
Authors often use summary structure to condense the main points and essential elements of their passage. The summary sentences focus on the most important points of the passage.
Example: The planning committee discovered that the budget for renting off-site locations is depleted, there is no room in the student center , and there is no other campus space available to hold the event. In brief, there is no way to hold the event during this fiscal year.
9. Time
There are two types of time relationships on the CLAST. First, these relationships can be used to organize ideas or events happening before, now, or later. Secondly, time relationships can reflect how events relate to one another or how complete the process of the events is.
Example: Nancy joyfully read her acceptance letter to medical school. Afterward, she was less thrilled to review the tuition information.
Relationships Between Sentences
