建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
of Construction quality management, the quality motivation of construction stage may be analyzed and classified as shown in Figure 1：
The reasons causing the quality problems of construction can be summarized as 4 reasons, that is,technology dynamics, management motivation, culture motivation and environmental driving forces. In which, technology, culture and management motivation are subjective motives (controllable), and the environment is the objective motives. A. Technical motivation
Including: the backward technical level, (mechanical equipment), the irrational use of new technologies, the inaccurate raw materials or test block test and the low technological level of staff. To resolve the quality problems arising from technical motivation, it can commence to operate from strengthening the training of its staff and introducing advanced equipment
B. Management motivation
Management motivation can be divided into the lower personnel quality of quality management staff, the imperfect quality management systems and the insufficient attention of the project manager toward quality management. For these reasons, construction enterprises could establish quality assurance system suitable for them, and refine the quality management responsibility to the project manager to resolve. Project manager of building projects undertake lifelong responsibility for project quality, and project manager of quality management is responsible for quality management, which included the choice of management measures and control methods, and then decentralized of management authority to the various sub-project quality management teams, last each team leader decentralized of management authority to the
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建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
constructors. Project manager of quality management undertake the full responsibility for the quality under the jurisdiction. The superior is responsible to subordinate on supervision and guidance aspects. C. Cultural motivation
Culture motivation is more difficult to improve the driving forces comparing to management motivation and culture motivation. Supposing that managers, technical staff and construction staff ignore the quality of management, and are always concerned about the cost of the project and progress, once the idea is formed, it’s very difficult to reverse. First all the leaders in construction companies must update the understanding of quality management, and aware of important guarantee role of the scientific quality management and control to building products, then make this thought run through entire process of project management. Second the project teams in construction companies exert an imperceptible influence on quality consciousness in order to gradually improve the quality of management. D. Environmental motivation
Environmental motivation is an objective cause, also is often some of the risk of accidental or unexpected, so it is difficult to control under normal circumstances. Facing these dynamics, we should pay attention to prevention-oriented approach to prevent the quality accidents happening in the construction process, according to the past experience, apply the data mining technology and establish the quality risk of early-warning mechanism to minimize the quality risk.
IV. The quality contral of construction phase
A. The quality control process of construction phase
Quality control of the construction phase can be divided into three stages according to the different quality of the project entities at different time stages. That is beforehand control, which carries out quality control aiming the preparatory work, the various factors impacting the quality and the parties concerned; processing control, which conducts quality control aiming all the various aspects related to the construction process; post-action control, which performs the quality control for the completion Building product of the construction process. B. The basis for quality control of Construction phase
The basis for quality control of Construction phase mainly refers to the basic document with universal guiding significance and compulsory means suitable for the construction phase and quality control. Including:
(1) Project contract documents: which means the parties must live up to commitments in the contract in the construction contract documents and supervision of contracts. (2) Design document: That is an approved design drawings and technical description.
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建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
(3) The quality management laws and regulations document Promulgated by the state and government.
C. The quality control methods of construction phase
Up to now the Construction enterprises commonly used three categories methods to perform quality inspection for aw materials, semi-finished products, processes or engineering product: the visual method, which is by virtue of sensory inspection, also is known as sensory test. Such methods are mainly use look, touch, knock, photo and other means to check the subject according to quality requirements; measurement method, which use measurement tools or measuring instruments, through comparing the actual measurement results to the provisions quality standards or norms, in order to determine whether it meets the requirements. Test method, which examines though field tests and laboratory tests. This article introduces the supply chain management thinking and objectives of management method applying quality control of the construction phase
1) Applications of supply chain management thinking
Supply Chain Management (Supply Chain Management, SCM) refers to effective control of the logistics, information flow, and capital flow among the suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, third party logistics companies and end-user, aiming to make the enterprise better management the entire process from raw materials to Product Processing until the user, to achieve reducing social inventory, strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises, improving customer satisfaction, last to make the allocation of resources of the whole society optimize and achieve the purpose of a win-win situation.
Supply chain management thinking first was applied to the manufacturing industry, and it can achieve to save about 20% of the total cost, therefore it was a great success. As a systematic, integrated, agile and modern management style, many well-known enterprises at home and abroad, such as IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Wal-Mart, Haier, Lenovo, Cygnet and so on, have been gain a huge gains in the practice of supply chain management. With the growing maturity and the richer connotation of Supply Chain Management thinking, it is increasingly being applied to all walks of life, and has a remarkable effect.
As a result of the uniqueness of the construction industry and construction products, supply chain thinking was applied less in the construction industry. However, total employee involvement, win-win cooperation and the global optimal of supply chain management thinking, these ideas can make scientific guidance for quality management to the construction, and help to promote continuous innovation of the quality management of construction[10].
①Total Employee Involvement. Each member having an impact on the cost is considered in the course of the product to meet customer needs in supply chain management, ranging from
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建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
raw material suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, third party logistics companies and end-users. Supply chain partners play their core strengths to achieve information sharing to improve supply chain's overall competitiveness and achieve a win-win situation. There are so many factors involving quality management in the construction phase, meanwhile it’ difficult to fully and effectively to carry out the quality risk control, which requires each member from the construction project managers down to the scene construction workers have to establish the quality of risk awareness. Proper quality control can help to save costs and reduce claims Probability and to improve the visibility and credibility.
②Win-win cooperation. The idea of win-win cooperation mainly reflects the cooperation between the material suppliers and design side in application of quality management in the construction. From the above analysis of the quality motivation, it can be seen the unqualified building materials is one cause leading quality problems. In addition, the self-serving behavior and speculation behavior caused by the suppliers will affect the quality of building products.
Learn from the idea of win-win cooperation, it’s necessary to establish long-term strategic partnership with suppliers and establish a reward and punishment mechanism at the same time. This way can not only effectively reduce the supplier's the self-serving behavior and speculation behavior, but also reduce procurement costs of raw materials and semi-finished products. In addition, suppliers can provide useful information to the construction side in their own expertise areas, such as the emergence and use of new materials, in order to achieve a win-win situation. The cooperation between construction side and designers mainly means that construction side participate the design process works and understand the design ideas and content, through participation in a number of difficult technical operation to improve the overall quality of building products. It can be established quality management model as shown in Figure 2.
③The overall optimization. It’ not allowed to disregard the quality of building products only pursue of savings cost and time, and use the substandard building materials in the hidden works, or construct not in accordance with established quality standards, such as the use of the substandard steel or concrete. These practices will not affect the delivery of building products, but bound to create Hidden dangers for useful life of building products (also part of the quality).so construction should take seriously for the overall quality of building products, and to achieve profitability on this basis.
All staff participation, win-win cooperation and the global optimal, these thought play an important guiding role for quality management of the construction stage. Construction contractors and subcontractors should be have a deep understanding of its meaning, and make these thoughts run through the entire construction process of quality management, from a
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建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
strategic point to view the relationship cost and quality and upstream and downstream enterprises.
2) Application of management by objective Management by objectives (Management by Objective, MBO) is a procedure or process, and through the organization of consultations between the lower level and the upper level, it is determine the overall goal of Organization in a certain period in accordance with the mission of the organization, according to this to decide the responsibility of the sub-goals, and make these goals as standards for operate, assess and reward the contribution of each unit and individual [11]. Management by objectives has the following characteristics:
①Definite objectives: The goal of management by objectives (expectations) should be clear; these
expectations must be converted into a quantitative target so as to be carried out and evaluated. ②Participation in decision-making: The goal of management by objectives are not the same with the traditional goal-setting, which is not entirely set up by a higher and assigned to the lower level, but decided objectives though the participation, the superior and subordinate workers together participate in the choice of objectives and achievement and finally obtain consistency.
③Time Limit: Management by objectives emphasize on practicality the completion of Every goal all have time limit, such as 3 months, 6 months or 1 year, or any appropriate period in some circumstances.
④Performance feedback. Management by objectives will continue to seek feedback of progress situation achieving the objectives and enable them to adjust their own actions. Feedback also includes holding regular formal assessment meetings in order to make subordinate inspect and review project progress.
Therefore, the process of goal transformation in management by objectives is not only \down”, but also \some a layer of the goals links the next layer, moreover for each employee, Management by objectives provide specific personal performance objectives. Comparing to traditional management methods, management by objectives has definite responsibility, emphasis on staff participation, and respect the wishes and will of employees. These ways help to mobilize the enthusiasm of staff and lay stress on results-oriented., meanwhile have an effective performance evaluation system.
The traditional quality management of Construction is generally get quality objectives made by the superior leader transfer the subordinate management department or staff. Such a negative quality management model is not conducive to play employee’s initiative, and it does
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建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
