微技能六 运用衔接手段
概要写作的评分标准之一是“上下文的连贯性”，要求你有效地运用一定的衔接手段，使所写的句子连贯、流畅。在概要写作时，我们可以借用三种衔接手段使上下文连贯，即词汇衔接、逻辑衔接和语法衔接。
指运用原词、近义词或反义词、上下义词等的复现和同一语义场词汇衔接 词汇的共现等方法。如：job和doctor, teacher, translator为上义词与下义词的关系； learn, education和knowledge等为同一语义场词汇。 逻辑衔接 指利用表逻辑关系的过渡词来衔接上下句的方法，如besides, however等。 常见的有替代和省略。 替代是指用代词替代前面相应的名词或名词性短语和句子，用助语法衔接 动词替代前面的动词和动词短语。 省略是指为了表达简洁，在语境清楚的条件下，省去某个词句。常见的省略有蒙上省略，即省去上文已提到的词句； 探下省略，即省去下文将提到的词句。 在选用逻辑衔接词时，要充分考虑前后句子之间的内在逻辑关系。掌握下面这十．．．．．．大逻辑连接词，承上启下再也不怕词穷。 1．因果关系
(1)显性因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, now that 显性果：so, so that, therefore, as a result, thus, consequently, accordingly (2)隐性因果：
①导致(因—果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, stimulate, fuel, produce ②由……而来(果—因)：result from, derive from, originate from ③反映，体现(果—因)：reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply 2．转折关系
but, however, yet, although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of, regardless of, anyway, anyhow, unfortunately, surprisingly
3．举例关系
for example, for instance, in this case, namely, as you know, like, such as, a case in point is..., in particular, including..., take...as an example, as for 4．条件关系
if, only if, if only, unless, lest, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that 5．比较关系 (1)相同点：
similarly, in like manner, in comparison with, like..., likewise, similarly important, in the same way (2)不同点：
yet, still, rather, neither...nor, unlike, as opposed to, in contrast, on the contrary, different from this, nevertheless, contrary to 6．否定关系
(1)显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none, neither (2)隐形否定：fail to, refuse, remove，reject, lack of
(3)否定前缀：a－， ab－， dis－， il－， im－， in－， non－， un－ (4)双重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable 7．并列关系
and, also, or, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, as well as, the same...as, then, besides, additionally, in addition, further more, what is more, on one hand...on the other hand, for one thing...for another, one...another, some...others...still others 8．先后关系
first, second, at last, next, previously, eventually, last but not least, to begin with, to start with, to end with, finally, since then, first of all, afterwards, following this 9．强调关系
in fact, especially, particularly, moreover, naturally, not to mention..., believe it or not, it is certain/sure that..., definitely, undoubtedly, in truth, obviously 10．时间关系
at once, immediately, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time, in the end, then,
soon, later, at once, at last, finally, some time ago, at present, all of a sudden, from now on, from time to time, since then, when, whenever, a few minutes later, as, once, since, in a moment, shortly, previously 【典例示范】
These changes only became possible as my memory improved.First it was stored in tubes, then on transistors and later on very small chips.As a result I totally changed my shape.As I have grown older I have also grown smaller.Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! And my memory became so large that even I couldn’t believe it！ 【即时演练】 阅读下面短文，选用适当的衔接词完成概要写作。
The production of coffee beans is huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full－sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shade－grown production to full－sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.
On a local level, the damage to the forests required by full－sun fields affects the area’s animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种)that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits.Full－sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result, many species are quickly dying out.
On a more global level，the destruction of the rainforest for full－sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests’ plant and animal life，and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition，new coffee－growing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the world’s groundwater.
作者运用了以下使上下文连贯的衔接词： 词汇衔接词：memory, forget, changed, grown, developed 逻辑衔接词：first, then, and later, as a result, as, and, so...that... 语法衔接词：these, it, I, my
高中英语读后续写与概要写作 技能六 运用衔接手段
