前 言
这次毕业设计是学生在大学期间的最后一次运用4年所学的知识，进行的一个综合性设计。作为过程装备与控制工程专业的本科生，不仅需要牢固掌握基本的理论知识，还要在设计，实践的过程中学会应用。正因为如此，认真地去做设计肯定对将来的工作的一次练兵，为今后的发展起到铺垫作用。
课题题目是Φ4500mm常压塔机械设计。工作介质是原油，地点武汉，最高工作温度360℃，最高工作压力为0.15Mpa。此常压蒸馏塔应用于炼油工艺过程中期，是最常用的一种单元设备之一。由于原油具有其独特性，因此在设计时也很有必要去注意一些实际问题。
本设计说明书介绍了设计的主要过程,包括设计的思路。从材料的选取，结构参数设计和选型，厚度计算，强度与稳定性校核，开孔补强设计，以及主要零部件的制造工艺等，都有基本的叙述。为做到设计的正确性，合理性，就要严格按照设计原则进行，所有数据必须经过查表和计算得到，同时要考虑实际中存在的问题，比如安装吊运、检修等。考虑到设备和生产的经济性,设计中遵循最优原则,即在满足基本要求的前提下最大限度地提高经济性和效率。此书是对整个设计过程的记录以及整合。全书分为五章,与装配图紧密相连,互成整体。
这次设计工作是由陈世民同学在何家胜副教授的指导以及同学的帮助合作下完成的,在此对提供过帮助的老师和同学表示谢意！但是由于设计者水平有限,肯定会有不妥甚至错误之处,如有发现,请读者指正为谢!
编者
2010.06.01
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摘 要
原油常压蒸馏作为原油加工的一次加工工艺，在原有加工流程中占有举足轻重的作用，其运行的好坏直接影响到整个原有加工的过程。而在蒸馏加工的过程中最重要的分离设备就是常压塔。因此，常压塔的设计好坏对能否获得高收益，搞品质的成品油油着直接的影响。
本次设计的常压塔是原油炼制工艺过程的中期塔设备。设计时要考虑实际要求，
遵循塔设备的设计原则，要经历需求分析、目标界定、总体结构设计、零部件结构设计、参数设计和设计实施这几个过程。在这个不断决策的过程中，可供评估的方案越多、评估体系越完善，最终确定的设计方案就越理想。成功的过程设备设计最终必须综合平衡产品性能、成本和环境这三个方面的要求。
说明书反映了设计的基本过程。第一章为概述，主要阐述了设计的背景和塔的基本知识；第二章是基本结构的设计，从整体和部分各环节进行了机械的设计和选型；第三章则对已设计的方案进行各种载荷的计算以及校核，校核合格才能证明设计方案的合理性；第四章对需要补强的开孔进行了补强设计；最后一章说明了主要零部件的制造工艺。
另外，绘制CAD图也是必要的。图纸亦是制造时的主要文件。绘制时必须严谨、尽量保持正确性。除了塔的整体装配图外，还绘制了四张零件图对其进行了补充，使表达更为清晰具体。
关键词：常压塔，生命周期，设计，校核，补强，装配图
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Abstract
The tower equipment is one kind of common process equipment. In the process industrial production it has an important impact to the production efficiency, the energy use factor, the environmental protection and so on. As the process industry is pivotal to national economy's development function, therefore, we must take seriously the tower equipment's research. broadly speaking, its life cycle contains the design, manufacture, installation and maintenance, and other aspects. Design-led, its advantages and disadvantages, both impact the following process.
The design of the tower is the early-run oil refining process of pre-tower equipment. When design we must consider to request actual, to follow the tower equipment's principle of design, which experience the demand analysis, the goal limits, the gross structure design, the spare part structural design, the parameter design and the design implements these processes. In this unceasing decision-making's process, may supply the appraisal the plan to be more, the appraisal system to be more perfect, determined finally the design proposal is more ideal. The success process equipment design must finally balance three aspect requests .they are product performance, the cost and the environment.
The instruction booklet has reflected the design unit process. The first chapter is the outline, mainly elaborated the design background and the tower elementary knowledge; The second chapter is the basic structure design, has carried on machinery's design and the shaping from the whole and part various links; The third rules to the plan which designs have carried on each kind of load the computation as well as the examination, the examination qualified can prove the design proposal the rationality; The fourth chapter carries on the reinforcement design for the opening which needs the reinforcement; The last chapter explained the main spare part fabrication technology.
Moreover, the CAD drawing of the map is also necessary. The blueprint is also master documents during the manufacture. Drawing must be strict, as far as possible to maintain accuracy. Besides the overall assembly drawing of tower, but also drew up four detail drawings to carry on the supplement to it, caused the expression to be clearer concretely.
Keywords: The tower equipment, life cycle, design, checking, reinforcement, assembly drawing
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过程设备设计精馏塔毕业设计说明书
