6） 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。
F11 help you as soon as you have problem? Tell Xiao Li about it if vou meet him. （2）一般过去时的用法：
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的 词，词组或从句，如yesterday，the day before last, last week, two days ago等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间 状语。 I worked in that factory last year.
【注意】1）过去经常反复发生的務作，'也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达，例如：
I used to go fishing on Sundays?
2） uused to”也可用于表示过壬曾经存在过的状态。例如： This river used to be clean.
（3） 一般将来时的用法1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如： I shall attend the meeting tomorrow. 2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.
3） 表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺，命令等时常用will,征求对方意见，主语是第一人祐时，常fflshalL
1 will do my best to catch up with them. Shall I open the door?
4） be + going +动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，爰示打算，计划，最近
或将来要作的某事。 I am going to Beijing next week.
5） be+动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。
There is to be a meeting this afternoon? We are to meet the guests at the station? 6） be about +动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。 They are about to leave. （4） 现在进行时的用法
1） 现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作，它注重 现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。 What are vou doing now? I am looking for my key.
2） 现在建行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行将动作（但说话时这个动作不一
定在进行）o The students are preparing for the examination. 3） 某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将金:生的动作，这些动词有arrive, come, leave, start等。
Thev are going to Hong Kong tomorrow?
【注皐】肴些动词一般不可以用于进行时态 ①表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be, have ②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer 等。 （5） 现在完成时的用法
1） 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。
I have bought a ten-speed bicycle. Thev have cleaned the classroom?
2） 现在完成时表示动作从过去弄始持续到珑在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。现在完成时 常与for和since引导的短语或从句连用。
We have lived here since 1976? They have waited for more than two hours? 【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别?
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强 调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用。 试比较：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） （6） 些进行时的用法_
表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如 I watching TV when she came to see me.
【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行 的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实，例如： They were building a house last month.（上个月正在建造，建造好与否不知） They built a new house last month.（上个月建造好了，动作已经完成）
（7） 过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过 去完成时常和by , before等词组成的短语和从句连用。
We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year?
When we arrived at the station, thev had waited for more than tvventv minutes. （8） 过去将来时的用法 过去将来時表示从过去某个时间看将要发王的动作或存在地状态，过去将来
时较多地被运用在宾语从句中。例如：
They were going to have a meeting. I told him that I would see him off at the station? 2. 动词的语态语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
（1）被动语态1）被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be +及物动词过去分词
2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。 The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】 短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。 2
3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况
若宾语补足语是不带t。的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感 官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch 等。例如： The teacher made me go out of the classroom?
1 was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher)?
4) 主动形式表示被动意义 如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, fc叫 draw, write, sell等动词虽 然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：The food tastes good? 3. 非谓语动词 对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足 语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to,但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既 可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。 (1) 非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不 是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
(2) 不定式作宾语补足语 Father will not allow us to play on the street? (3) 不定式作目的状语 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. (4) 用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词 这样的动词有感官动词如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役动词如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\我看见了”这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作，昨天我见他正在花园里干
活。
(5) 用不带to不定式的情况 使役动词如：bt, have, make等和感官动词如：see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。 (6) 接动名词与不定式意义不同
1) stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。 2) forget to do忘记要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。 (已做) 3) remember to do记得去做某事。 (未做)remember doing记得做过某事。(已做) 4) try to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。
5) go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。 6) mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着 4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析
(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。1) say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。 He said he would go thcrc.Ifs time to leave. Wc have to say goodbye to you.
2) speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为芨物动询后宙跟上各种语言作为宾语。
Do you speak English? May I speak to Mr Pope, please?
3) talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，与to , about, with等连用，才可宾语。
What are vou talking about? Mr Jackson is talking with mv father in the office now. 4) tell表宗“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复各宾语。
She told us an interesting story yesterday.
My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month? (2) look, see, watch 和 watch 的用法。
1) look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与詆连用，然后接宾语。 Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.
Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual? 2) sec指“看见”某物,强调的是结果。
They can't see the words on the blackboard. Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday? 3) watch指的是“观看”，“注视”之意。
The twins are watching TV now. He will go to watch a volleyball match. 4) read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。
Don't read in the sun. I like to read newspapers when I am free. (3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。 1) borrow意思为\借入”,常常与from连用，是非延续 性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now. Mav I borrow your dictionarv?
2) lend是“借出”之意，常常与to连用，同borrow -样,\是非延续征动词，只表宗瞬间即能完 成的动作。Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr LL Could you lend us your radio, please? 3) keep是“保存”的意:思，动作可以延续。 ' How long can the recorder be kept? The farmer kept the pat for two weeks. (4) bring, take, carry 和 get 的用法。
1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。 Bring me the book, please. May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?
2) take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，抱某物或某人从这車“带来”或“拿至IJ”某处之意。 It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with vou. Mother took the little girl to the next room.
3) carry是“带着、搬运、携带”的蔗思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不 表明来去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag? The box is heavy. Can vou carry it? 4) get是去某处将某物擊回来。' &
Please go to my office to get some chalk. There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some? (5) wear, put on 和 dress 的区别
1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强 调\穿着\的状态。 Tom always wears black shoes.
He wears a raincoat even when it is fine. She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.
2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。 Itfs cold. You'd better put on your coat He put on his hat and went out of the room.
3) dress可以作及物动词和不芨物动词，有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时，只用于穿衣服, 不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。drezb?(给某人穿衣 服)，而眈m?作“穿着”用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wear sth.(穿着衣物)。
She always dresses well. Get up and dress quickly. Mary is dressing her child. (6) take, spend 和 use 的用法。
1) take 指做某事用多少时间，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth. It took me three days to finish the work.
It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest It takes only one hour to flv to Shanghai.
2) spend 人在某事(物)上花费时间或钱。句型是： Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.
She spent more than 500 yuan on that coatHe didn't spend much time on his lessons* He spent much time (in) correcting students9 exercises.
Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes. 3) use表示使用工具、手段等。
Do you know how to use the computer? Shall we use your car? (7) reach, get 和 arrive 的区别。
1) reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。
After the train had left, thev reached the station We reached the top of the mountain at last
2) get是不及动词，常与to连用,’再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to, get to常用于口语中。
When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun. My sister was cooking when mother got home.
3) arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arrive at,到达一个大地方时用arrive ino The soldiers arrived at a small village The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow. 【演练】
L Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Lett join them. A. are talking B. Talk C. will talk D. talked
2. Our teacher，Miss Chen, ______ English on the radio the day before yesterday. A. teaches B. Taught C. will teach D. had taught 3.1 don't think 1 ________ you in that dress before. A. have seen B. was seeing C. saw D. see
4. Susan's parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It ______ be very expensive- A. must B. can C. mustn^t D. can't
5. Coffee is ready. How nice it ______ ! Would you like some? A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels
6. “ Mr. Zhu, you，d better ____ too much meat You are already over weight，\A. not to eat B> to eat C. not eat D. eat
7. “Don't always make Michael ____ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear，\wife.
A. do B. to do C. does D. did
& Sorry, I can't hear you clearly. Will you please ________ your E-mail address? I'll write it down. A. review B. recite C. report D. repeat
9. Don% _______ your coat，Tom! Ifs easy to catch cold in spring. A. take away B. take off C. take down D. take out
10. You _____ go and ask Mcimci. She________ know the answer A. must; can B. must; may C. need; can D. can; may
IL Pm sorry you^ve missed the train. It _______ 10 minutes ago. A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left
12.1 bought a new dictionary and it _______ me 30 yuan. A. paid B? spent C. took D. cost
13?…Mum, may I go out and play basketball?… _____ you _______ your homework yet? A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finishing D. Have; finished
14.1 have to go now; Please remember to _______ the lights when you leave. A. turn off B. turn down C. turn up D. turn on
15. A talk on Chinese history _______ in the school next week. A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give 16. Look! How heavy the rain is! You'd better _______ ? A. doiTt go now B. stay here when it stops
C. not leave until it stops D? not to leave at once 17. You may go fishing if your work ______ ?
A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done 1& Cotton ______ nice and soft.
A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels
19. …Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? —John _______ ? A? cleaned B. does C. did D. is
20. …Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, ______ ?…No. She got up too late. Ae had she B. hadift she C. did she D. didiTt she 专题四：数词、冠词考点集汇，讲解和训练
一. 冠词的用法 冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。 A(an)叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。A用在辅音之前，an用在元音之前。
1. 不定冠词的用法(1) a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。例如：
John is a student. Mary is an English teacher.
(2) 指某一类人或事物中的任向一个。例如：
A steel worker makes steel. Pass me an apple, please. (3) 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或和物。例如：
A student wants to see you. A girl is waiting for you outside. (4) 表示“每一，啲意思，相当于everyo例如：
Take the medicine three times a day. They go to see their parents once a week. 2. 定冠词用法 (1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。例如：
The book on the desk is an English dictionary. Beijing is the capital of China.
(2) 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。例疝：Open the door, please. Jack is in the library. (3) 上文提到过的人或事物。例如：
Yesterday John's father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.
(4) 表示世鼻上独一无二的事物。例如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (5) 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。例如：
Shanghai is the biggest city in China. January is the first month of the year. (6) 用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。材如：
The nurse is kind to the sick. We should take good care of the old. (7) 用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如：
the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the mornings in the open air 等。 用在姓氏复数之前，表示“棄某一家人”，“某某夫妇”。例亦： the Browns, the whites等。 不用冠词的情况
(1) 某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如： China, Canada, Japanese, glass5 water, love 等。
(2) 名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时，不用冠
词。例女口： That is my cap. I have some questions. Go down this street. (3) 复数名词表示一类人或事畅时，不用冠词。
Thev are workers. We are students.
(4) 称呼謠前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。例如：
I don't feel well today, Mother. Bush was made president of the U.S. (5) 三餐饭的名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用冠词。例如：
I have lunch at home. He often plays football after class. We have English and maths every day.
(6) 在某些固定词组里，名词之前蒂不用冠词。例如：
By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。
二. 数词的甬法
数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目，序数词表示顺序。
1. 基数词的用法(1)基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语，例如：
Thirty of them are Party members.(主语)
…How many would you like? —Three , please.(作宾语) The nine boys are from Tianjing.(定语) Six plus four is ten.(表语) We four will go with you.(同位语)
(2) 表示一个具体数字时，hundred, thousand, million —律不用复数；在表示一个不确定数字时则用 复数。例如：Our country has a population of 1,300 million people. There are three thousand students in our school. After the war, thousands of people became homeless.
Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world. They arrived in twos and threes.
(3) 表示“……十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代，例如：
He is in his early thirties. He died still in his forties. This took place in thel930s. (4) 表示时刻用基数词。例如：We get up at six< The workers begin work at eight (5) 表示“几点过几分”，用介词past,但贺在半小时以内。例如：
ten past ten, a quarter past nine, half past hvelve (8) 3.
初中升高中英语衔接复习材料.docx
