daybyyouragenda.[A]holdingon[B]makingout[C]keepingon[D]takingdown15.Oncethequestionisput，weknowtrytoobtaintheanswer.[A]toproceedindirectionto[B]wheredirectionproceedto[C]inwhichdirectiontoproceedto[D]whichdirectionproceedtoward16.Duringtheopera‘smostfamousaria，thetempochosenbytheorchestra’sconductorseemed，withoutnecessaryrelationtowhathadgonebefore[A]tedious[B]melodious[C]capricious[D]moderation17.Itistimethenationsoftheworldahalttothemanufactureofnuclearweapons.[A]wouldcall[B]call[C]called[D]willcall18.Whenthedropswereplacedinthepatient‘seyes，hispupilsbecame.[A]dilated[B]smaller[C]irritated[D]sensible19.Tovisitzoosthatsimulatethenaturalhabitatsofanimalsofgreatinteresttozoologists.[A]are[B]be[C]were[D]is20.Mr.Smithwiththegovernmentforthirty-sevenyearsbythetimeheretires.[A]willwork[B]willhaveworked[C]willbeworking[D]willhavebeenworkedIIISentenceTransformation（20%）Directions：Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencesbyusingtheword（s）belowitsothateachnewsentencemeansroughlythesameastheoriginalone.Insomeinstancesitmaybenecessarytochangethetenseofthegivenword（s）。1.Heiswarm-hearted，butthisdoesn‘tmeanthatheisbright.（follow）2.Themanagerhasaskedmetoconsiderthisproposalcarefully.（consideration）3.Thegardenistoosmallforaswimmingpool.（room）4.Increasingthetaxonhouseholdgoodsisboundtocausetrouble.It‘sasking5.Themuseumisclosedthisafternoon.Thereis6.Don‘ttouchthosewiresinanycircumstances.7.Thesmallnumberofpotentialbuyersdoesnotprovideasufficientlylargemarketforthiskindofapparatus.（enough）8.Iwasfinallyabletoconvincehimofitsvalue.Ifinallysucceeded9.Filmmakersunderstandablylosemuchoftheirinterestinthegenre.（appealto10.Notallofthepeoplelikethismovie.（popular）IVCloze（10%）26梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
Directions：Readthroughthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowcouldcorrectlycompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.Circlethecorrectchoiceforeachblank.Aninterestingtheoryineconomicsis1bytheHeadManofasmallmountaintribe.Ifseemsthatthistribewasverygoodatmakingstrawmatsthathadgreatsales2inthe3market.TherepresentativeofanAmericancompanywenttovisitthetribeandtriedtomakeagoodbusinessdeal.He4totheHeadManand5thathiscompanywouldliketo6severalthousandpieces.Undoubtedly，hesaid，thebusiness7wouldbe8tothetribe.Aftersomethoughts，theHeadMan9，butannouncedthatthepriceperpiecewouldbe10insucha11orderthanitwouldbeif12asmallorderwereplaced.Therepresentativewas13thanalittleshocked14thebusinesssenseoftheHeadMan15insistedthatthepriceshouldbe16becauseofthelargevolume，and17nothigher.No，repliedtheheadofthetribe18.Butwhynot？askedtheAmerican.Because19issotiresometomakethe20articleoverandover，answeredtheHeadMan.1.A.illustratedB.appreciatedC.demonstratedD.anticipated2.A.capacityB.potentialC.abilityD.fortune3.A.strawB.globalC.worldD.earth4.A.addressedB.spokeC.askedD.told5.A.declaredB.confirmedC.demandedD.gestured6.A.orderB.sellC.disposeD.make7.A.treatyB.pactC.matterD.deal8.A.effectiveB.efficientC.valuableD.profitable9.A.agreedB.acceptedC.refusedD.received10.A.lowerB.higherC.expensiveD.cheaper11.A.smallB.bigC.vastD.high12.A.certainlyB.reallyC.onlyD.simply13.A.greaterB.strongerC.lessD.more14.A.fromB.ofC.atD.since15.A.whoB.andC.thenD.therefore16.A.lowerB.higherC.littleD.raised17.A.neverB.reallyC.certainlyD.yet18.A.weaklyB.happilyC.stubbornlyD.hesitatingly19.A.heB.itC.whatD.work20.A.similarB.beautifulC.alikeD.sameVReadingComprehension（20%）Directions：Inthisparttherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements，eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA），B），C）andD）。Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.1）AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly，courteous，andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair，thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians，andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare，ofcourse，exceptions.Small-mindedofficials，rudewaiters，andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry，atravelerwasawelcomebrakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion，andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone，ifhungry，injured，orill，oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife：ifyoudidn‘ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim，therewasnooneelsewhowould，Andsomeday，remember，youmightbeinthesamesituation.27梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationsthatspecializedinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet，theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS，especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.Iwasjusttravelingthrough，gottalkingwiththisAmerican，andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner－amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon，butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial，butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety，inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals，assumptions，andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And，ofcourse，speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample，whenanAmericanusesthewordfriend，theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor‘slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet，beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.1.Thewordobservationinthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans[A]attention.[B]watchfulness.[C]survey[D]opinion.2.Peopleinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertaintravelersbecausethesestrangerswould______.[A]bringgoodnewsfromoutsideworld.[B]helplocalssolvetheirproblems.[C]bringachangetothelifeinthesettlements.[D]requiresadifferentdefinition.3.Nowadaysthetraditionoffriendlinesstostrangers______.[A]isstillprevailing.[B]canrarelybeseen[C]iswadingfast[D]requiresadifferentdefinition4.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingistrue？[A]Peoplearestillfondoftravelingtoremoteplaces.[B]Foreigntravelersnowkeepawayfrombusytouristtrails.[C]Thereisnocharitableorganizationinsmallcities.[D]ForeignvisitorstotheUShavetroubleunderstandingAmerican‘sfriendliness.5.Fromthelastparagraphofthepassagewehavelearnedthat______[A]theabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguageimpliesabetterunderstandingofitsculture.[B]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends.[C]cultureexercisesagreatinfluenceonsocialinterrelationships.[D]courteousconventionandindividualinterestarecloselyinterrelated.2）Itiswellknownthatwhenanindividualjoinsagrouphetendstoacceptthegroup‘sstandardsofbehaviorandthinking.Heisexpectedtobehaveinaccordancewiththesenorms-inotherwordsthegroupexpectshimtoconform.Manyillustrationscouldbegivenofthisfromeverydaylife，butwhatisofparticularinteresttopsychologistsistheextenttowhichpeople’sjudgmentsandopinionscanbechangedasaresultofgrouppressure.Inatypicalexperiment，theexperimenterasksforvolunteerstojoinagroupthatisinvestigatingvisualperception.Thevictimsarenot，therefore，awareoftherealpurposeofthe28梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
experiment.Eachvolunteeristakentoaroomwherehefindsagroupofaboutsevenpeoplewhoarecollaboratingwiththeexperimenter.Thegroupisshownastandardcardwhichcontainsasingleline.Theyarethenaskedtolookatasecondcard.Thishasthreelinesonit.Oneisobviouslylongerthanthelineonthefirstcard，oneisshorterandonethesamelength.Theyhavetosaywhichlineonthesecondcardisthesamelengthasthelineonthestandardcard.Theothermembersofthegroupanswerfirstbutwhatthevolunteerdoesnotknowisthattheyhavebeentoldtopickoneofthewronglines.Thevolunteerseesthattheothermembersofthegroupunanimouslychoosealinewhichisobviouslynotthesamelengthastheoneonthestandardcard.Whenitishisturntoanswerheisfacedwiththeunanimousopinionofthegroup－alltheothershavechosenlineAbuthequiteclearlyseeslineBascorrect.Whatwillhedo？AccordingtoAsch，morethanhalfofthevictimschosenwillchangetheiropinion.Whatisequallysurprisingisthat，wheninterviewedabouttheiranswers，mostexplainedthattheyknewthegroupchoicewasincorrectbutthattheyyieldedtothepressureofthegroupbecausetheythoughttheymustbesufferingfromanopticalillusion.6.Psychologistsareinterestedin________.[A]howfargrouppressurecaninfluencepeople‘sjudgments.[B]howtomakejudgmentsaccordingtoeverydayexperience.[C]howtochangepeople’sjudgments.[D]thegroup‘sstandardsofsocialbehaviour.7.Intheexperiment.Whohavebeentoldtopickthewrongline？[A]Thevictims.[B]Thevolunteer.[C]Theexperimenter.[D]Theothermembers.8.Inwhatcircumstancesdomostpeopleyieldtopressure？[A]Whenthegroupisseparated.[B]Whenthegroupisunanimous.[C]Whentheyknowtheyarethevictims.[D]Whentheyareforcedtoanswerquestions.9.Theexperimentsdemonstratethat_______.[A]nearlyeveryindividualwillbehavedifferentlyfromothers[B]grouppressureiscausedbytheinterferenceofthepsychologists.[C]psychologistswishtochangethepeople‘sjudgmentsandopinions.[D]peoplewillchangetheirideasundergrouppressure.10.Thebesttitleofthispassagewouldbe_________.[A]ATypicalExperiment.[B]AreWeAfraidtobeDifferent？[C]TheGroup‘sStandardsofBehaviorandThinking.[D]DoseanIndividualNeedtoFollowaGroup’sStandards？3）ThesinglebusinessofHenryThoreau，duringforty-oldyearsofeageractivitywastodiscoveraneconomycalculatedtoprovideasatisfyinglife.Hisoneconcern，thatgavetohisramblingsinConcordfieldsavalueofhighadventure，wastoexplorethetruemeaningofwealth.Asheunderstoodtheproblemofeconomics，therethreepossiblesolutionsopentohim：29梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
toexploithimself，toexploithisfellows，ortoreducetheproblemtoitslowestdenominator.Thefirstwasquiteimpossible–toimprisononeselfinatreadmillwhenthemorningcalledtogreatadventure.Toexploitone‘sfellowsseemedtoThoreau’ssensitivesocialconscienceanevengreaterinfidelity.Freedomwithabstinenceseemedtohimbetterthanserfdomwithmaterialwell-being，andhewascontenttomovetoWaldenPondandtosetaboutthehighbusinessofliving，toconfrontonlytheessentialfactsoflifeandtoseewhatithadtoteach.Hedidnotadvocatethatothermenshouldbuildcabinsandliveisolated.Hehadnowishtodogmatizeconcerningthebestmodeofliving-eachmustsettlethatforhimself.Butthatasatisfyinglifeshouldbelived，hewasvitallyconcerned.Thestoryofhisemancipationfromthelowereconomicsistheoneromanceofhislife，andWaldenishisgreatbook.ItisabookInpraiseofliferatherthanofNature，arecordofcalculatingeconomicsthatstudiedsavinginordertospendmorelargely.Butitisabookofsocialcriticismaswell，inspiteofitsexplicitdenialofsuchapurpose.Inconsideringthetruenatureofeconomyheconcluded，withRuskin，thatthecostofathingistheamountoflifethatisrequiredinexchangeforit，immediatelyorinthelongrun.InWaldenThoreauelaboratedthetext：Theonlywealthislife.11.ThoueaustartedanexperimentatWaldenPondwiththehopeof______.[A]learninghowtolivequietly.[B]writingabookonphilosophy.[C]discoveringwhathumanscanlearnfromnature.[D]workingoutthebestadjustmenttomateriallife.12.ToThoreauthebestsolutiontotheproblemofeconomicsis_______.[A]toliveaverysimplelife.[B]tobecomeself–sufficient.[C]toliveinthecountry.[D]toreformthesociety.13.Thoreauholdsthatthecrucialthingforpeopletodoisto________.[A]haveabetterunderstandingofwhatlifemeans.[B]liveharmoniouslywithnature.[C]tosaveasmuchasonepossiblycan.[D]tolivealifethatoneiscontentwith.14.InthebookWaldenallofthefollowingcanbefoundexcept________.[A]thenatureofeconomy.[B]themeaningoffreedom.[C]thecriticismofsociety.[D]Ruskin‘sphilosophy.15.Thoreau‘sattitudetowardsocietycanbestbecharacterizedasoneof_______.[A]acceptance.[B]avoidance.[C]indifference[D]individualismAutomationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors，mentalandphysical，inproduction，andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledtheSecondIndustrialRevolution.Labor‘sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyaboutitseffectsonemployment，andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain，laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnologicalchangeisfutile.Inthelongrun，theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment，sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing，maintaining，andrepairingautomationequipment.Unquestionably，however，therewillbemajorshiftsinjobswithinplantsanddisplacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthistransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also，unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitofthe30梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
increasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages，moreleisure，andimprovedlivingstandards.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation，unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitsplans.ItisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinSUBplanhasadirectfinancialstakeinpreventingunemployment，hewillhaveastrongincentiveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibledisruptioninjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements，requiringthatpermanentlylaidoffworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaoftheimprovementfactor，whichcallsforwageincreasebasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itisprobable，however，thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.16.Welearnfromparagraph1thatautomationwillprobablyleadto_______.[A]industrialexpansion[B]anincreaseinemployment[C]displacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.[D]anincreaseinunemployment.17.Laborhastheopinionthat_______.[A]alleffortsmustbemadetopreventautomation[B]automationwillcauseariseinconsumercosts[C]itsmaininterestliesinincreasingallwages.[D]technologicalchangecannotbestopped.18.Whatistherelationbetweenautomationandemploymentintheopinionoflabor？i3~;c1E7?;B,\\L8F[A]Automationwilldefinitelyleadstomoreunemployment.[B]Fromalong-termpointofviewautomationwillbringaboutmorejobs.[C]Automationwillnotcausemuchchangeinemployment[D]sooneroflaterautomationwilldoalltheworkinsteadofman19.Theunionstressesthat________.[A]workersshouldalsoenjoythefruitsbroughtaboutbyautomation.[B]noworkersshouldbefiredinthedevelopmentofautomation[C]itisnecessarytoslowdownthedevelopmentofautomation[D]workersshouldbepaidaccordingtotheirlengthofservice20.Howmanynewpoliciesoftheunionshavebeenlistedinthispassage？[A]1[B]2[C]3[D]VIWriting（20%）Directions：Peoplemayholddifferentviewsastothedisputeoverwhentheshapingofaperson‘scharacter，ornaturaldispositioniscompleted.Somepeoplestatethattheprocessofformingone’scharacterisfulfilledinone‘schildhood，whereasothersarguethatitisachievedafteronefinisheshisschoolstudiesorhasworkedforayearbeyondcampus.Whatdoyouthink？Providedetailsinsupportofyourargumentwithatleast180words.31梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
天津大学考博英语历年真题
