statements，eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA），B），C）andD）。Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.1）AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly，courteous，andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair，thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians，andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare，ofcourse，exceptions.Small-mindedofficials，rudewaiters，andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry，atravelerwasawelcomebrakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion，andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone，ifhungry，injured，orill，oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife：ifyoudidn‘ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim，therewasnooneelsewhowould，Andsomeday，remember，youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationsthatspecializedinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet，theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS，especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.Iwasjusttravelingthrough，gottalkingwiththisAmerican，andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner－amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon，butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial，butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety，inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals，assumptions，andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And，ofcourse，speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample，whenanAmericanusesthewordfriend，theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor‘slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet，beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.1.Thewordobservationinthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans[A]attention.[B]watchfulness.[C]survey[D]opinion.2.Peopleinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertaintravelersbecausethesestrangerswould______.[A]bringgoodnewsfromoutsideworld.[B]helplocalssolvetheirproblems.[C]bringachangetothelifeinthesettlements.[D]requiresadifferentdefinition.3.Nowadaysthetraditionoffriendlinesstostrangers______.[A]isstillprevailing.[B]canrarelybeseen[C]iswadingfast[D]requiresadifferentdefinition4.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingistrue？[A]Peoplearestillfondoftravelingtoremoteplaces.[B]Foreigntravelersnowkeepawayfrombusytouristtrails.[C]Thereisnocharitableorganizationinsmallcities.[D]ForeignvisitorstotheUShavetroubleunderstandingAmerican‘sfriendliness.21梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
5.Fromthelastparagraphofthepassagewehavelearnedthat______[A]theabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguageimpliesabetterunderstandingofitsculture.[B]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends.[C]cultureexercisesagreatinfluenceonsocialinterrelationships.[D]courteousconventionandindividualinterestarecloselyinterrelated.2）Itiswellknownthatwhenanindividualjoinsagrouphetendstoacceptthegroup‘sstandardsofbehaviorandthinking.Heisexpectedtobehaveinaccordancewiththesenorms-inotherwordsthegroupexpectshimtoconform.Manyillustrationscouldbegivenofthisfromeverydaylife，butwhatisofparticularinteresttopsychologistsistheextenttowhichpeople’sjudgmentsandopinionscanbechangedasaresultofgrouppressure.Inatypicalexperiment，theexperimenterasksforvolunteerstojoinagroupthatisinvestigatingvisualperception.Thevictimsarenot，therefore，awareoftherealpurposeoftheexperiment.Eachvolunteeristakentoaroomwherehefindsagroupofaboutsevenpeoplewhoarecollaboratingwiththeexperimenter.Thegroupisshownastandardcardwhichcontainsasingleline.Theyarethenaskedtolookatasecondcard.Thishasthreelinesonit.Oneisobviouslylongerthanthelineonthefirstcard，oneisshorterandonethesamelength.Theyhavetosaywhichlineonthesecondcardisthesamelengthasthelineonthestandardcard.Theothermembersofthegroupanswerfirstbutwhatthevolunteerdoesnotknowisthattheyhavebeentoldtopickoneofthewronglines.Thevolunteerseesthattheothermembersofthegroupunanimouslychoosealinewhichisobviouslynotthesamelengthastheoneonthestandardcard.Whenitishisturntoanswerheisfacedwiththeunanimousopinionofthegroup－alltheothershavechosenlineAbuthequiteclearlyseeslineBascorrect.Whatwillhedo？AccordingtoAsch，morethanhalfofthevictimschosenwillchangetheiropinion.Whatisequallysurprisingisthat，wheninterviewedabouttheiranswers，mostexplainedthattheyknewthegroupchoicewasincorrectbutthattheyyieldedtothepressureofthegroupbecausetheythoughttheymustbesufferingfromanopticalillusion.6.Psychologistsareinterestedin________.[A]howfargrouppressurecaninfluencepeople‘sjudgments.[B]howtomakejudgmentsaccordingtoeverydayexperience.[C]howtochangepeople’sjudgments.[D]thegroup‘sstandardsofsocialbehaviour.7.Intheexperiment.Whohavebeentoldtopickthewrongline？[A]Thevictims.[B]Thevolunteer.[C]Theexperimenter.[D]Theothermembers.8.Inwhatcircumstancesdomostpeopleyieldtopressure？[A]Whenthegroupisseparated.[B]Whenthegroupisunanimous.[C]Whentheyknowtheyarethevictims.[D]Whentheyareforcedtoanswerquestions.9.Theexperimentsdemonstratethat_______.[A]nearlyeveryindividualwillbehavedifferentlyfromothers[B]grouppressureiscausedbytheinterferenceofthepsychologists.[C]psychologistswishtochangethepeople‘sjudgmentsandopinions.[D]peoplewillchangetheirideasundergrouppressure.10.Thebesttitleofthispassagewouldbe_________.[A]ATypicalExperiment.[B]AreWeAfraidtobeDifferent？[C]TheGroup‘sStandardsofBehaviorandThinking.[D]DoseanIndividualNeedtoFollowaGroup’sStandards？3）ThesinglebusinessofHenryThoreau，duringforty-oldyearsofeageractivitywastodiscoveraneconomycalculatedtoprovideasatisfyinglife.Hisoneconcern，thatgavetohisramblingsinConcordfieldsavalueofhighadventure，wastoexplorethetruemeaningof22梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
wealth.Asheunderstoodtheproblemofeconomics，therethreepossiblesolutionsopentohim：toexploithimself，toexploithisfellows，ortoreducetheproblemtoitslowestdenominator.Thefirstwasquiteimpossible–toimprisononeselfinatreadmillwhenthemorningcalledtogreatadventure.Toexploitone‘sfellowsseemedtoThoreau’ssensitivesocialconscienceanevengreaterinfidelity.Freedomwithabstinenceseemedtohimbetterthanserfdomwithmaterialwell-being，andhewascontenttomovetoWaldenPondandtosetaboutthehighbusinessofliving，toconfrontonlytheessentialfactsoflifeandtoseewhatithadtoteach.Hedidnotadvocatethatothermenshouldbuildcabinsandliveisolated.Hehadnowishtodogmatizeconcerningthebestmodeofliving-eachmustsettlethatforhimself.Butthatasatisfyinglifeshouldbelived，hewasvitallyconcerned.Thestoryofhisemancipationfromthelowereconomicsistheoneromanceofhislife，andWaldenishisgreatbook.ItisabookInpraiseofliferatherthanofNature，arecordofcalculatingeconomicsthatstudiedsavinginordertospendmorelargely.Butitisabookofsocialcriticismaswell，inspiteofitsexplicitdenialofsuchapurpose.Inconsideringthetruenatureofeconomyheconcluded，withRuskin，thatthecostofathingistheamountoflifethatisrequiredinexchangeforit，immediatelyorinthelongrun.InWaldenThoreauelaboratedthetext：Theonlywealthislife.11.ThoueaustartedanexperimentatWaldenPondwiththehopeof______.[A]learninghowtolivequietly.[B]writingabookonphilosophy.[C]discoveringwhathumanscanlearnfromnature.[D]workingoutthebestadjustmenttomateriallife.12.ToThoreauthebestsolutiontotheproblemofeconomicsis_______.[A]toliveaverysimplelife.[B]tobecomeself–sufficient.[C]toliveinthecountry.[D]toreformthesociety.13.Thoreauholdsthatthecrucialthingforpeopletodoisto________.[A]haveabetterunderstandingofwhatlifemeans.[B]liveharmoniouslywithnature.[C]tosaveasmuchasonepossiblycan.[D]tolivealifethatoneiscontentwith.14.InthebookWaldenallofthefollowingcanbefoundexcept________.[A]thenatureofeconomy.[B]themeaningoffreedom.[C]thecriticismofsociety.[D]Ruskin‘sphilosophy.15.Thoreau‘sattitudetowardsocietycanbestbecharacterizedasoneof_______.[A]acceptance.[B]avoidance.[C]indifference[D]individualism4）Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors，mentalandphysical，inproduction，andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledtheSecondIndustrialRevolution.Labor‘sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyaboutitseffectsonemployment，andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain，laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnologicalchangeisfutile.Inthelongrun，theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment，sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing，maintaining，andrepairingautomationequipment.Unquestionably，however，therewillbemajorshiftsinjobswithinplantsanddisplacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthistransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also，unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages，moreleisure，andimprovedlivingstandards.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation，unionshaveadopteda23梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
numberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitsplans.ItisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinSUBplanhasadirectfinancialstakeinpreventingunemployment，hewillhaveastrongincentiveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibledisruptioninjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements，requiringthatpermanentlylaidoffworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaoftheimprovementfactor，whichcallsforwageincreasebasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itisprobable，however，thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.16.Welearnfromparagraph1thatautomationwillprobablyleadto_______.[A]industrialexpansion[B]anincreaseinemployment[C]displacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.[D]anincreaseinunemployment.17.Laborhastheopinionthat_______.[A]alleffortsmustbemadetopreventautomation[B]automationwillcauseariseinconsumercosts[C]itsmaininterestliesinincreasingallwages.[D]technologicalchangecannotbestopped.18.Whatistherelationbetweenautomationandemploymentintheopinionoflabor？[A]Automationwilldefinitelyleadstomoreunemployment.[B]Fromalong-termpointofviewautomationwillbringaboutmorejobs.[C]Automationwillnotcausemuchchangeinemployment[D]sooneroflaterautomationwilldoalltheworkinsteadofman19.Theunionstressesthat________.[A]workersshouldalsoenjoythefruitsbroughtaboutbyautomation.[B]noworkersshouldbefiredinthedevelopmentofautomation[C]itisnecessarytoslowdownthedevelopmentofautomation[D]workersshouldbepaidaccordingtotheirlengthofservice20.Howmanynewpoliciesoftheunionshavebeenlistedinthispassage？[A]1[B]2[C]3[D]5）VIWriting（20%）Directions：Peoplemayholddifferentviewsastothedisputeoverwhentheshapingofaperson‘scharacter，ornaturaldispositioniscompleted.Somepeoplestatethattheprocessofformingone’scharacterisfulfilledinone‘schildhood，whereasothersarguethatitisachievedafteronefinisheshisschoolstudiesorhasworkedforayearbeyondcampus.Whatdoyouthink？Providedetailsinsupportofyourargumentwithatleast180words.天津大学博士入学考试英语试题范Direction：Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadfourtimes.Duringthefirstreadingthepassagewillbereadatnormalspeedandyouaresupposedtolistenonlyandtrytohaveageneralunderstandingofit.Forthesecondandthirdreadingsthepassagewillbereadsentencebysentenceorphrasebyphasewithanintervalof12-15secondsinbetweenforwriting.Thelastreadingwillbedoneatthenormalspeedagainforyoutocheckup.IIVocabularyandStructure（10%）Directions：Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefour24梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
choicesmarkedA，B，C，andD.Circletheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.1.Itwasverykindofyoutogetmesomethingformybirthday，butyoumesuchanexpensivepresent.[A]didn‘tneedbuying[B]needn’tbuy[C]needn‘thavebought[D]hadn’tneededtobuy2.The——ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.[A]manifestation[B]implementation[C]expedition[D]demonstration3.Heisholdinga——positioninthecompanyandexpectstobepromotedsoon.[A]subordinate[B]succeeding[C]successive[D]subsequent4.InAmericanuniversities，classesareoftenarrangedinmoreflexible——andmanyjobsoncampusarereservedforstudents.[A]scales[B]ranks[C]grades[D]patterns5.Thegovernmentgaveaveryexplanationofitsplanforeconomicdevelopment.[A]comprehensive[B]compound[C]considerable[D]complacent6.Inmyopinion，youcanwidentheoftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude[D]scope7.NoTobaccoDayisthedaywhentheworldHealthOrganizationtopeopletostopusingtobaccoproducts.[A]asks[B]applies[C]appeals[D]urges8.Thedentist‘sconfidentmannermethatIwasinsafehands.[A]insured[B]assured[C]ensured[D]secured9.Wepreferthattheplanbeforebeingputintoexecution.[A]befullydiscussed[B]mustbefullydiscussed[C]willbefullydiscussed[D]isfullydiscussed10.Thesoundoffootstepsonthebarefloorthedownstairsneighbors.[A]disturbed[B]interrupted[C]annoyed[D]irritated11.Iaskedhimforajobtheimpressionthathewastheheadofthefirm，buthewasn‘t.[A]with[B]under[C]in[D]of12.It‘snogoodremembergrammaticalrules.Youneedtopracticewhatyouhavelearned.[A]tryingto[B]tryto[C]totryto[D]triedto;13.Thedictatorreliedonabuseofitsopponentsonsoundingreasoning.[A]morethan[B]ratherthan[C]otherthan[D]betterthan14.Tomakethebestandthemostefficientofyourtimeandtoachieveyourgoals，starteach25梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
天津大学考博英语历年真题
