Labor‘sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyaboutitseffectsonemployment，andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain，laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnologicalchangeisfutile.Inthelongrun，theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment，sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing，maintaining，andrepairingautomationequipment.Unquestionably，however，therewillbemajorshiftsinjobswithinplantsanddisplacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthistransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also，unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages，moreleisure，andimprovedlivingstandards.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation，unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitsplans.ItisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinSUBplanhasadirectfinancialstakeinpreventingunemployment，hewillhaveastrongincentiveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibledisruptioninjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements，requiringthatpermanentlylaidoffworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaoftheimprovementfactor，whichcallsforwageincreasebasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itisprobable，however，thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.16.Welearnfromparagraph1thatautomationwillprobablyleadto_______.[A]industrialexpansion[B]anincreaseinemployment[C]displacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.[D]anincreaseinunemployment.17.Laborhastheopinionthat_______.[A]alleffortsmustbemadetopreventautomation[B]automationwillcauseariseinconsumercosts[C]itsmaininterestliesinincreasingallwages.[D]technologicalchangecannotbestopped.18.Whatistherelationbetweenautomationandemploymentintheopinionoflabor？[A]Automationwilldefinitelyleadstomoreunemployment.[B]Fromalong-termpointofviewautomationwillbringaboutmorejobs.[C]Automationwillnotcausemuchchangeinemployment[D]sooneroflaterautomationwilldoalltheworkinsteadofman19.Theunionstressesthat________.[A]workersshouldalsoenjoythefruitsbroughtaboutbyautomation.[B]noworkersshouldbefiredinthedevelopmentofautomation[C]itisnecessarytoslowdownthedevelopmentofautomation[D]workersshouldbepaidaccordingtotheirlengthofservice20.Howmanynewpoliciesoftheunionshavebeenlistedinthispassage？[A]1[B]2[C]3[D]5）VIWriting（20%）Directions：Peoplemayholddifferentviewsastothedisputeoverwhentheshapingofaperson‘scharacter，ornaturaldispositioniscompleted.Somepeoplestatethattheprocessofformingone’scharacterisfulfilledinone‘schildhood，whereasothersarguethatitisachievedafteronefinisheshisschoolstudiesorhasworkedforayearbeyondcampus.Whatdoyouthink？Providedetailsinsupportofyourargumentwithatleast180words.天津大学2008年10月06日6梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
Direction：Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadfourtimes.Duringthefirstreadingthepassagewillbereadatnormalspeedandyouaresupposedtolistenonlyandtrytohaveageneralunderstandingofit.Forthesecondandthirdreadingsthepassagewillbereadsentencebysentenceorphrasebyphasewithanintervalof12-15secondsinbetweenforwriting.Thelastreadingwillbedoneatthenormalspeedagainforyoutocheckup.IIVocabularyandStructure（10%）Directions：Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，C，andD.Circletheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.1.Itwasverykindofyoutogetmesomethingformybirthday，butyoumesuchanexpensivepresent.[A]didn‘tneedbuying[B]needn’tbuy[C]needn‘thavebought[D]hadn’tneededtobuy2.The——ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.[A]manifestation[B]implementation[C]expedition[D]demonstration3.Heisholdinga——positioninthecompanyandexpectstobepromotedsoon.[A]subordinate[B]succeeding[C]successive[D]subsequent4.InAmericanuniversities，classesareoftenarrangedinmoreflexible——andmanyjobsoncampusarereservedforstudents.[A]scales[B]ranks[C]grades[D]patterns5.Thegovernmentgaveaveryexplanationofitsplanforeconomicdevelopment.[A]comprehensive[B]compound[C]considerable[D]complacent6.Inmyopinion，youcanwidentheoftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude[D]scope7.NoTobaccoDayisthedaywhentheworldHealthOrganizationtopeopletostopusingtobaccoproducts.[A]asks[B]applies[C]appeals[D]urges8.Thedentist‘sconfidentmannermethatIwasinsafehands.[A]insured[B]assured[C]ensured[D]secured9.Wepreferthattheplanbeforebeingputintoexecution.[A]befullydiscussed[B]mustbefullydiscussed[C]willbefullydiscussed[D]isfullydiscussed10.Thesoundoffootstepsonthebarefloorthedownstairsneighbors.[A]disturbed[B]interrupted[C]annoyed[D]irritated11.Iaskedhimforajobtheimpressionthathewastheheadofthefirm，buthewasn‘t.[A]with[B]under[C]in[D]of12.It‘snogoodremembergrammaticalrules.Youneedtopracticewhatyouhavelearned.[A]tryingto[B]tryto[C]totryto[D]triedto13.Thedictatorreliedonabuseofitsopponentsonsoundingreasoning.[A]morethan[B]ratherthan[C]otherthan[D]betterthan14.Tomakethebestandthemostefficientofyourtimeandtoachieveyourgoals，starteachdaybyyouragenda.[A]holdingon[B]makingout[C]keepingon[D]takingdown15.Oncethequestionisput，weknowtrytoobtaintheanswer.[A]toproceedindirectionto[B]wheredirectionproceedto[C]inwhichdirectiontoproceedto[D]whichdirectionproceedtoward16.Duringtheopera‘smostfamousaria，thetempochosenbytheorchestra’sconductor7梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
seemed，withoutnecessaryrelationtowhathadgonebefore[A]tedious[B]melodious[C]capricious[D]moderation17.Itistimethenationsoftheworldahalttothemanufactureofnuclearweapons.[A]wouldcall[B]call[C]called[D]willcall18.Whenthedropswereplacedinthepatient‘seyes，hispupilsbecame.[A]dilated[B]smaller[C]irritated[D]sensible19.Tovisitzoosthatsimulatethenaturalhabitatsofanimalsofgreatinteresttozoologists.[A]are[B]be[C]were[D]is20.Mr.Smithwiththegovernmentforthirty-sevenyearsbythetimeheretires.[A]willwork[B]willhaveworked[C]willbeworking[D]willhavebeenworkedIIISentenceTransformation（20%）Directions：Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencesbyusingtheword（s）belowitsothateachnewsentencemeansroughlythesameastheoriginalone.Insomeinstancesitmaybenecessarytochangethetenseofthegivenword（s）。1.Heiswarm-hearted，butthisdoesn‘tmeanthatheisbright.（follow）2.Themanagerhasaskedmetoconsiderthisproposalcarefully.（consideration）3.Thegardenistoosmallforaswimmingpool.（room）4.Increasingthetaxonhouseholdgoodsisboundtocausetrouble.It‘sasking5.Themuseumisclosedthisafternoon.Thereis6.Don‘ttouchthosewiresinanycircumstances.Under7.Thesmallnumberofpotentialbuyersdoesnotprovideasufficientlylargemarketforthiskindofapparatus.（enough）8.Iwasfinallyabletoconvincehimofitsvalue.Ifinallysucceeded9.Filmmakersunderstandablylosemuchoftheirinterestinthegenre.（appealto）10.Notallofthepeoplelikethismovie.（popular）IVCloze（10%）Directions：Readthroughthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowcouldcorrectlycompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.Circlethecorrectchoiceforeachblank.Aninterestingtheoryineconomicsis1bytheHeadManofasmallmountaintribe.Ifseemsthatthistribewasverygoodatmakingstrawmatsthathadgreatsales2inthe3market.TherepresentativeofanAmericancompanywenttovisitthetribeandtriedtomakeagoodbusinessdeal.He4totheHeadManand5thathiscompanywouldliketo6severalthousandpieces.Undoubtedly，hesaid，thebusiness7wouldbe8tothetribe.Aftersomethoughts，theHeadMan9，butannouncedthatthepriceperpiecewouldbe10insucha11orderthanitwouldbeif12asmallorderwereplaced.Therepresentativewas13thanalittleshocked14thebusinesssenseoftheHeadMan15insistedthatthepriceshouldbe16becauseofthelargevolume，and17nothigher.No，repliedtheheadofthetribe18.Butwhynot？askedtheAmerican.Because19issotiresometomakethe20articleoverandover，answeredtheHeadMan.1.A.illustratedB.appreciatedC.demonstratedD.anticipated2.A.capacityB.potentialC.abilityD.fortune3.A.strawB.globalC.worldD.earth4.A.addressedB.spokeC.askedD.told5.A.declaredB.confirmedC.demandedD.gestured6.A.orderB.sellC.disposeD.make7.A.treatyB.pactC.matterD.deal8.A.effectiveB.efficientC.valuableD.profitable9.A.agreedB.acceptedC.refusedD.received10.A.lowerB.higherC.expensiveD.cheaper11.A.smallB.8梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
bigC.vastD.high12.A.certainlyB.reallyC.onlyD.simply13.A.greaterB.strongerC.lessD.more14.A.fromB.ofC.atD.since15.A.whoB.andC.thenD.therefore16.A.lowerB.higherC.littleD.raised17.A.neverB.reallyC.certainlyD.yet18.A.weaklyB.happilyC.stubbornlyD.hesitatingly19.A.heB.itC.whatD.work20.A.similarB.beautifulC.alikeD.sameVReadingComprehension（20%）Directions：Inthisparttherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements，eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA），B），C）andD）。Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.1）AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly，courteous，andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair，thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians，andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare，ofcourse，exceptions.Small-mindedofficials，rudewaiters，andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry，atravelerwasawelcomebrakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion，andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone，ifhungry，injured，orill，oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife：ifyoudidn‘ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim，therewasnooneelsewhowould，Andsomeday，remember，youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationsthatspecializedinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet，theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS，especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.Iwasjusttravelingthrough，gottalkingwiththisAmerican，andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner－amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon，butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial，butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety，inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals，assumptions，andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And，ofcourse，speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample，whenanAmericanusesthewordfriend，theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor‘slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet，beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.1.Thewordobservationinthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans[A]attention.[B]watchfulness.[C]survey[D]opinion.2.Peopleinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertaintravelersbecausethesestrangerswould______.[A]bringgoodnewsfromoutsideworld.[B]helplocalssolvetheirproblems.[C]9梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
bringachangetothelifeinthesettlements.[D]requiresadifferentdefinition.3.Nowadaysthetraditionoffriendlinesstostrangers______.[A]isstillprevailing.[B]canrarelybeseen[C]iswadingfast[D]requiresadifferentdefinition4.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingistrue？[A]Peoplearestillfondoftravelingtoremoteplaces.[B]Foreigntravelersnowkeepawayfrombusytouristtrails.[C]Thereisnocharitableorganizationinsmallcities.[D]ForeignvisitorstotheUShavetroubleunderstandingAmerican‘sfriendliness.5.Fromthelastparagraphofthepassagewehavelearnedthat______[A]theabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguageimpliesabetterunderstandingofitsculture.[B]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends.[C]cultureexercisesagreatinfluenceonsocialinterrelationships.[D]courteousconventionandindividualinterestarecloselyinterrelated.2）Itiswellknownthatwhenanindividualjoinsagrouphetendstoacceptthegroup‘sstandardsofbehaviorandthinking.Heisexpectedtobehaveinaccordancewiththesenorms-inotherwordsthegroupexpectshimtoconform.Manyillustrationscouldbegivenofthisfromeverydaylife，butwhatisofparticularinteresttopsychologistsistheextenttowhichpeople’sjudgmentsandopinionscanbechangedasaresultofgrouppressure.Inatypicalexperiment，theexperimenterasksforvolunteerstojoinagroupthatisinvestigatingvisualperception.Thevictimsarenot，therefore，awareoftherealpurposeoftheexperiment.Eachvolunteeristakentoaroomwherehefindsagroupofaboutsevenpeoplewhoarecollaboratingwiththeexperimenter.Thegroupisshownastandardcardwhichcontainsasingleline.Theyarethenaskedtolookatasecondcard.Thishasthreelinesonit.Oneisobviouslylongerthanthelineonthefirstcard，oneisshorterandonethesamelength.Theyhavetosaywhichlineonthesecondcardisthesamelengthasthelineonthestandardcard.Theothermembersofthegroupanswerfirstbutwhatthevolunteerdoesnotknowisthattheyhavebeentoldtopickoneofthewronglines.Thevolunteerseesthattheothermembersofthegroupunanimouslychoosealinewhichisobviouslynotthesamelengthastheoneonthestandardcard.Whenitishisturntoanswerheisfacedwiththeunanimousopinionofthegroup－alltheothershavechosenlineAbuthequiteclearlyseeslineBascorrect.Whatwillhedo？AccordingtoAsch，morethanhalfofthevictimschosenwillchangetheiropinion.Whatisequallysurprisingisthat，wheninterviewedabouttheiranswers，mostexplainedthattheyknewthegroupchoicewasincorrectbutthattheyyieldedtothepressureofthegroupbecausetheythoughttheymustbesufferingfromanopticalillusion.6.Psychologistsareinterestedin________.[A]howfargrouppressurecaninfluencepeople‘sjudgments.[B]howtomakejudgmentsaccordingtoeverydayexperience.[C]howtochangepeople’sjudgments.[D]thegroup‘sstandardsofsocialbehaviour.7.Intheexperiment.Whohavebeentoldtopickthewrongline？[A]Thevictims.[B]Thevolunteer.[C]Theexperimenter.[D]Theothermembers.8.Inwhatcircumstancesdomostpeopleyieldtopressure？[A]Whenthegroupisseparated.[B]Whenthegroupisunanimous.[C]Whentheyknowtheyarethevictims.[D]Whentheyareforcedtoanswerquestions.9.Theexperimentsdemonstratethat_______.[A]nearlyeveryindividualwillbehavedifferentlyfromothers[B]grouppressureiscausedbytheinterferenceofthepsychologists.[C]psychologistswishtochangethepeople‘sjudgmentsandopinions.[D]peoplewillchangetheirideasundergrouppressure.10梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
天津大学考博英语历年真题
