8B Unit1 Past and present知识归纳与拓展
【重点单词】
1. present n. 现在,目前;礼物→ adj.目前的,现在的→ vt.呈现;赠送 2. pollution n. 污染;污染物→ pollute vt. 污染 3. waste n. 废料;废品→ vt.浪费
4. impossible adj. 不可能的→ possible adj. 可能的
5. communicate vi. & vt. 交流;传达→ communication n. 交流;交际 6. exactly adv. 正是,没错→ exact adj. 精确的 7. married adj. 已婚的→ marry vt. &vi. 结婚 8. recently adv. 近来,最近→ recent ad j. 最近的 9. northern adj.北方的,北部的→ north n. 北方
l0.last adv. 最近,上一次;最后→ adj. 最后的;最近的;最新的→ vi. 持续,维持 【重点短语】
1. share food with me和我分享食物 2. all one's life某人的一生
3. used to go to school by bike过去常常骑自行车上学 4. since then从那以后
5. in the northern part of town在城镇的北部 6. turn part of the town centre into a new park 把镇中心的一部分变成一个新公园 7. take action to improve the situation 采取措施改善状况 8. move away搬走
9. feel a bit lonely感到有点儿孤单 10. from time to time有时,不时 11. get married结婚 12. take place发生;举行
13. enjoy a comfortable life享受一种舒适的生活 14. move into new flats搬进新公寓 15. return from the USA从美国回来 16. go abroad出国
17. keep in touch with each other彼此保持联系 18. on one’s own靠某人自己;独自 19. in some ways在某些方面
20. communicate by email通过电子邮件交流 【重点句型】
1. ... and it took a long time to wait for the next one. ( P7 )
原句意为:……等候下一班车要用很长时间。句中用了“It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.”句型,意为“(某人)花费多长时间做某事”。it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。如:
It takes about ten minutes to get to school by bus from the bus stop. 从公共汽车站乘车到学校大约需要十分钟。 It took me one hour to do my homework last night. 昨天晚上我做作业用了一个小时。
另外,句末的one在此用作代词,指代单数的人或物。ones作代词,指代复数的人或物。如:
This coat is too small. Do you have a bigger one?
这件大衣太小了,你有大一点儿的吗?(one在此指代coat) I don't like the coloured envelopes. I like the white ones.
我不喜欢这些彩色信封,我喜欢那些白色的。(ones在此指代envelopes) 2. not happy because of being alone (P10)
原短语意为:因为独自一人而不高兴。短语because of意为“因为,由于”,后面跟名词、代词、名词词组或动名词(短语)。而because是连词,意为“因为”,引导原因状语从句。如:
He was late for school this morning because of the thick fog. 由于浓雾,他今天早上上学迟到了。
He has poor eyesight because of working too much in front of the computer. 由于在电脑前工作太久,他视力很差。 Because he is ill, he is absent today. 因为他病了,所以他今天缺席。
另外,because of与because引导的句子常常可以互换。如: I had to stay at home because of the heavy rain. = I had to stay at home because it was raining heavily. 由于下大雨,我只好待在家里。
John didn't attend the meeting because he was ill. =John didn't attend the meeting because of his illness. 约翰没有出席会议,因为他病了。
3. 一Do you plan to see it again? 一Yes, I'd like to.(P14)
原句意为:——你打算再看一遍吗?——是的,我想看。答语中的would like意为“想要”,在意思上相当于want,但在语气上比want委婉,常用于口语中。would是情态动词,没有人称和数的变化。would like后常接名词、代词或动词不定式,但不可接动名词。如:
I would like some apples.我想要些苹果。 He would like to eat some banana.他想吃些香蕉。
注意:当询问或回答某人需要什么时,可以在would like后面直接跟名词作宾语对于would like提出的建议或请求,肯定回答可以用“Yes, please.”,否定回答可以用“No, thanks.”。如:
一What would he like?他想要什么? 一He'd like some food.他想要些食物
一Would you like some iced tea?你想喝点儿冰茶吗? 一Yes, please. No,thanks.好的,请来一点儿。/不,谢谢。
另外,would like to do sth.意为“想要做某事”;would like sb. to do sth.意为“想要某人做某事”。回答“Would you like to do sth.?”句型时,肯定回答常用“Yes,I'd love/like to.”,否定回答常用“I'd love to,but…”。 如: We'd like to go with you.我们想和你一起去。 What would you like me to do?你想要我做什么? 一Would you like to stay here with me? 你愿意和我一起待在这儿吗? 一Yes. I'd love to.是的,我愿意。 【重点语法】
现在完成时(Ⅰ)
1.构成
现在完成时由“助动词have/has+动词的过去分词”构成。 2.含义
(1)现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,但与现在的情况有联系,有时无时间状语,有时和一些表示意不确定时间的时间状语连用,如recently,just,yet,already,before,many times等,但不能与表示明确时间的时间状语连用,如in 1974,yesterday morning,last year等。如:
I have already finished the work. 我已做完了这份工作。
Have you ever been to Japan?你曾经去过日本吗?
Has she learned English before? 她以前学过英语吗?
Mr. Brown has been to Paris many times. 布朗先生去过巴黎很多次了。
注意:already意为“已经”,常用于肯定句,而yet意为“还,已经”,常用于否定句和
疑问句。 (2)现在完成时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在并还可能延续下去的动作,常与延续性动词连用,且句中常常有表示一段时间的时间状语,如for two weeks,in the last five years,in the past two years,so far,all this morning,these days,since two years ago,up to now, all day等。如:
They have been friends since they met in Jiangsu.
自从他们在江苏相遇,就成了朋友。 He has lived here for along time. 他住在这里已有很长一段时间了。 3. 现在完成时的肯定、否定和疑问句式 (1)肯定句式
现在完成时的肯定句式是“主语+have/has+过去分词+其他”。如: I have been to America many times. 我己经去过美国许多次了。
注意:“主语+ have/has”的缩写形式:
I have→I've she has→she's you have→you've he has→he's we have→we've it has→it's they have→they've (2)否定句式
现在完成时的否定句式是“主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他”。如: We haven't seen such an interesting film before. 我们以前没看过这么有趣的电影。
She hasn't learned Chinese since she came to China. 自从她来到中国,她就没学过汉语。 注意:“have/has+not”的缩写形式:
have not→haven't has not→hasn't (3) 一般疑问句式
现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have/ has提到主语之前。如: Have you read this paper yet? 你已经看过这份报纸了吗? Yes,I have. /No, I haven't. 是的,我看过。/不,我没看过。 一Has she been to Shanghai yet? 她去过上海吗?
一Yes,she has./No, she hasn't. 是的,她去过。/不,她没去过。
注意:现在完成时的一般疑问句的回答和其他时态的一般疑问句的回答一样,需用Yes
或No,即“Yes,主语+have/has.”或”No,主语+haven't/hasn't.”。 (4)特殊疑问句式
现在完成时的特殊疑问句式是“特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+其他?”如: How long have you taught English? 你教英语多长时间了?
Where have you been?你去过哪儿?
有些动词的过去分词和过去式的变化形式相同,其变化情况大致分类如下: 变化 与原形相同 在原形后加她t或d 原形中的元音字母有变化 原形中的辅音字母有变化 原形中的元音、辅音字母都有变化 举例 hit→hit→hit hurt→hurt→hurt learn→learnt→learnt hear→heard→heard get→got→got sit→sat→sat make→made→made spill→spilt→spilt feel→felt→felt smell→ smelt→smelt 有些动词的过去分词和过去式的变化形式不同,其变化情况大致分类如下: 变化 与原形相同 原形中的元音字母有变化 在原形后加en 举例 come→came→come run→ran→run ring→rang→rung sing→sang→sang eat→ate→eaten fall→fell→fallen