rhyme doubt typist oust moist oyster 4./i?/ /??/ /u?/
/vi?/ /?′f??/ /d??/ /sk??/ /bu?n/ /gu?d/ /′ru?r?l/ /?′pi?/ /k?l?mbi?/ veer affair dare scare bourn gourd rural appear Colombia /m?ti?ri?l/ /misti?ri?s/ material mysterious 5./θ/ /e/ [/m?nθ/ /θi:f/ /e?t/ /e?n/ /feiθ/ /t?′gee?/ /θ??k/ /e?m′selvz/
month thief that than faith together thank themselves
第四节 音标的分辨The sun Tongue Twister
(1)There are thirty-three trees there. (θ, e)
(2)A big black bug bit the back of the big black bear. The big black bear beat back the big black bug. (/b/)
(3)She sells seashells on the seashore, and the shells she sells are seashells. I′m sure because if she sells shells at the seashore, the shells she sells are seashells for sure. (/ θ/,/s/,/z/,/?/)
(4)There is a kitten in the kitchen. In the kitchen, I fly the chicken. A fly flies into the kitchen while I′m frying the chicken.( /t?/)
(5)You are no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight. For a night, light′s a slight light and tonight′s a night that′s light. When a night′s light like tonight′s light, it′s really not quit right to light night lights with their slight light′s on the light night like tonight.(/n/--/l/)
(6)The sun shines on the small shop signs.(/s/--/?/)
(7)Why didn′t you do that what I told you to do (/ /--/ /) (8)The doctor′s daughter knocked at the locked door.
(9)Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night.
(10)Is this pair of scissors of his sister′s Yes, this is the pair of scissors of his sister′s . (/s/--/z/)
(11)Pete picked up a piece of paper and put it into the paper basket. (/p/)
(12)William wants to know whether the weather will be wetter tomorrow. (/w/)
[ i: ] ee: three tree green sheep meet beef see seek week
ea: eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please e: he she me these
ie: piece receive ceiling field
[ i ] : i: sit picture it is if list six mix fix fit pig big build miss milk ship with window begin y: myth many twenty happy dictionary
e:defect decide delicious
)
]
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[ e ] : ea:head bread pleasure ready e :elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes well get very step men listen [E:] : ir: girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird first
ur:turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger hurt ear:learn earn earth heard er:term her nerd serve verb
or:work worm worker word world worse
[E] : er: teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder or:doctor actor mayor author tractor forget
o:together tomorrow today Washington control polite policeman o’clock a:around account ago elephant banana China breakfast American above e:hundred student
ar: car farm card arm garden party star a:fast class last glass plant are:are
u: up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus cut us luck but cut o: come mother brother love above month ou :trouble rough flourish oo:blood flood
al:small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
or:short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store au:author caught our:four mourn court ar:warm quarrel quarter aw:draw saw flaw
ou:bought ought
oo:food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth school too noodle cool u:true truth blue
oo:look good foot book cook ou:should could would u:put full bull pull push o:woman wolf ing:sing king morning evening cial :social special sion :propulsion tension progression passion protrusion provision conclusion television tion :station nation translation attention question ear:pear bear air:chair air fair hair pair are:care hare ere:there where eer:beer deer ear:ear dear near ere:here ea:idea ie:fierce oy:boy toy joy oi:oil soil voice choice noise join
o:home cold go no phone host ghost nose ow:know low below grow blow show flow window yellow oa:boat coat goal road [ au ] ou:house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse round about ow:flower down now cow how town
a:name cake late gate plane April face take radio space ay:play say may way today May ea:great break ai:rain paint plain ey:they greyoo:look good foot book cook ou:should could would u:put full bull pull push o:woman wolf.
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元音发音规则
一、前元音
所谓前元音是指发音时要使用舌前部,也就是说舌前部要向硬腭抬起,舌尖要抵住下齿,口形扁平,不要收圆。四个前元音中发[i:]的时候舌前部抬得最高,牙床近乎全合。发[i]的时候舌前部比[i:]稍低,牙床也开得稍大一些。上下齿之间的距离大约可以容纳一个小指尖。发第三个前元音[e]的时候舌前部比[i]又要第一些,牙床也开得更大一些。上下齿
之间的距离大约相当于一个食指尖。发第四个前元音[ ]的时候舌前部最低,牙床开得最大。上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指加中指。
二、后元音
所谓后元音是指发音时要使用舌的后部,也就是说舌后部要向软腭抬起。发后元音时舌尖可以不抵下齿。除了后元音[ɑ:]要用中常唇外,其它四个音都要用圆唇,发音时嘴要拢圆。个别的音如[u] [u:]嘴唇还要向前突出。其次,要注意后元音的舌位。五个后元音中[ɑ:]的舌位最低,开口最大。[ ]的舌位比[ɑ:]稍高,开口度比[ɑ:]稍小。[ :]的舌位比[]又要更高一些,开口度比[]再小一些。[u]的舌位比[ :]又要高一些,开口度再小一些。[u:]的舌位最高,开口最小。
三、中元音
所谓中元音是指发音时要使用舌的中部,也就是说舌的中部要稍稍抬起,舌尖可以轻抵下齿,口形扁平或中常。[ :]的舌位最高,[ ]的舌位最低,[]的舌位介乎两者之间,比[ :]稍低,比[ ]稍高。
上面提到了12个单元音。英语里还有8个双元音。这8个双元音又可分成两类,合口双元音和集中双元音,下面分别讲解。
四、合口双元音
所谓“合口双元音”是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是一个合口元音[i]或[u]。发双元音时要注意从第一个元音向第二个元音滑动。在滑动过程中,口形、舌位都有明显的变化。另外,还要注意双元音的下面几个特点:1、前长后短(前音长后音短)。2、前重后轻(前音发得重,后音发得轻)。3、前音清楚,后音模糊。
五、集中双元音
所谓集中双元音是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是中元音[ ]。发音时要注意第一个元音向第二个元音滑动时的口形和舌位的变化。比如发[I ]时舌位由前元音[i]向中元音[ ]的滑动。口形由半合的扁唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。发[ ]时由相当于前元音[ ]的舌位向
中元音[ ]滑动,口形由半开的中常唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。发[u ]时由后元音[u]向中元音[ ]的滑动,口形由半合的圆唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。
英语里的28个辅音,按照不同的发音方法又可以把它们分为六类。
一、爆破音
爆破音一共有六个,根据发音时声带是否振动可以分为清辅音和浊辅音两种。清辅音有三个:[p,t,k];浊辅音也有三个:[b,d,g]。这样,六个爆破音就可以归纳为清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是:[p,b],第二对是:[t,d],第三对时[k,g]。
二、摩擦音
摩擦音一共有十个。其中八个音又可以分为清、浊音相对应的四对。第一对是唇齿摩擦音[f,v]。发音时下唇轻触上齿,气流通过时摩擦成音,[f]是清辅音,[v]是浊辅音。第二对是舌齿摩擦音[θ,e]。发音时舌尖要轻触上齿边缘。[θ]是清辅音,[e]是浊辅音。第三对是舌端齿龈摩擦音[s,z]。发音时舌端靠近(上)齿龈,气流通过时摩擦成音。[s]是清辅音,[z]是浊辅音。第四对是舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音[,]。发音时舌端向齿龈后部靠近,气流通过时摩擦成音。[]是清辅音,[]是浊辅音。第九个音是声门摩擦辅音[h]。第十个音是舌尖齿龈后部摩擦辅音[r]。发这个音时舌尖要卷起来,靠近齿龈后部。这个音的本音是[r]。为了发音清楚,拼音方便,后面也可以加上一个元音,念成[r]。
三、破擦音
破擦音共有六个:[,],[tr,dr],[ts,dz]。破擦音由两个成分组成:开头是爆破音,结尾是摩擦音。六个破擦音也可以分成清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是[,]。在[,]中的第一个成分,即爆破音[t,d]由于受了后面摩擦音[,]的影响,发音时舌位靠后,在齿龈较后部分发音。这一点也适用于第二对破擦音[tr,dr]。这里,[t,d]由于受了后面摩擦音[r]的影响舌位也要靠后,实际发音很像破擦音[,],后面再加上[r],分别念成[tr,dr]。第三对破擦音[ts,dz]中的清辅音[ts]很像汉语普通话里的 c(雌、雄的“雌”),加上声带振动就能发出浊辅音[dz]。
四、鼻辅音
英语里有三个鼻辅音,即[m][n][]。发鼻音时,由于口腔通道被堵住,声音只能从鼻子里出来。发第一个鼻辅音[m]时双唇闭拢;发第二个鼻辅音[n],(不闭嘴)舌尖要贴住上齿龈;发第三个鼻辅音[],(不闭嘴)舌后部要抬起来,贴住软腭。
五、舌边音
英语里的舌边音有两种发音方法。1)出现在元音之前叫作清晰舌边音,它的发音是[l];2)出现在辅音及单词末尾时叫作模糊舌边音,它的发音是[l]。发这个音时可以先摆好发后元音[u]的舌位,然后把舌端贴住上齿龈。这样发出来的音就是[l]。
六、半元音
半元音[w][j]的舌位和元音[u:][i:]相似,但半元音的发音方法和元音不同。元音可以单独成音,可以延长。半元音则不能单独成音,不可延长,必须很快滑向它后面的元音,和元音拼合在一起发音。由于这一特点也有人把半元音[w][j]称为“滑音”。