1.The ministry of foreign affairs
The origins and development of foreign affairs Different titles in different countries
Department of Foreign Affairs Department of States Foreign Office
Functions of the ministry of foreign affairs 1) Representative as a whole
2) Connection between diplomatic decision-making departments and resident institutions 3)Policy recommendation and implementation
2.The embassy
The course of establishing an embassy The appointment of an ambassador The core Functions of the embassy Representing Protecting Negotiating Ascertaining Promoting
The composition and size of embassy composition with ambassador as centre 1) Ambassador (minister )
2) Counselor (political /commercial/cultural) (charge d’ affaires ) 3) Foreign secretary(3)
4) Diplomatic attache (attendant) /military attache 5) Diplomatic agents’ spouses
administrative and technical staff Size: from 1 to 100 agents
3.The diplomatic corps
4.Diplomatic permanent mission to international organizations
The core Functions Representing Clarifying Ascertaining
Conducting multilateral diplomacy
5.The Consulate
The consular system was a product of international commercial relations and was non-political in origin
In mid-nineteenth century, consular relations have become a part of official relations between states.
“combining two into one” Functions
1.protecting the interests of the sending state and its nationals ,especially their life and property from illegal attacks.
2.furthering the development of relations , especially non-political relations as commerce, economy, culture, science and technology
3. ascertaining conditions and developments in the non-political life, and reporting to the sending state
4. handing administrative matters relating to passports, visas, notarization, authentication and civil register;
5. rendering assistance, including judiciary assistance to overseas nationals;
6. exercising supervision and inspection in respect of vessels , aircraft and their crews of the sending state entering the ports or territory of the receiving state, and extending them necessary assistance . Privileges:
Consular posts and officers enjoy similar but less privileges and immunities than diplomatic missions.
Similarities and differences between the embassy and the consulate 1.Origins
The consular system was a product of international commercial relations and was non-political in origin
2.Functions：大使馆代表整个国家的利益，全面负责两国关系，馆长是大使，由国家元首任命并作为国家元首的代表履行职责。大使馆的首要职责是代表派遣国，促进两国的政治关系，其次是促进经济、文化、教育、科技等方面的关系，使馆同时具有领事职能。促进两国关系和人民间的往来是领事馆的重要职责，但其最主要的职责是领事工作，比如：维护本国公民和法人的合法权益，向本国公民颁发或延期护照、向外国公民颁发签证。 ????大使馆的职责范围遍及驻在国各个地区，领事馆只负责所辖地区。
3.Classes .大使馆通常受政府和外交部门的直接领导，而领事馆通常接受外交部门和所在国大使馆的双重领导 ；两个国家断交，一定会撤销大使馆，但不一定撤销领事馆。
4.Districts 大使馆是一国在建交国首都派驻的常设外交代表机关。领事馆是一国政府派驻对方国家某个城市并在一定区域执行领事职务的政府代表机关。
5.Privileges 许多国家在多数国家只设大使馆，不设领事馆。设不设领事馆、设哪个级别的领事馆，主要看侨民和领事业务的多少以及所在地区的重要性，并依照对等原则进行。如中国在美国设有大使馆和5个总领事馆，负责各自辖区内的领事业务。在个别小国，外国只设领事馆和派驻领事官员。目前，中国在166个建交国设有157个大使馆、60多个（总）领事馆。 ??
diplomatic negotiation
Broad Sense：a peaceful method for the countries to deal with disputes and come to agreements. Narrow Sense：negotiation is a process in which explicit proposals are put forward publicly for the purpose of reaching agreement.
Features of negotiations
1. negotiation is like a sport, needing training and practising .
2. Mixed motives: all parties participating negotiation have mutual interests (the base) as well as conflict interests (the focus).
3. the course: all parties will set the highest and lowest aims for this negotiation. The final result will be in this range.
4. any negotiations will be the course of joint decision-making.
Types of negotiations
Rival negotiations :dispute solving
boundary/trade/security incident…… Cooperative negotiations :
establishing relations/developing relations /aid/economic projects/arms control……… The negotiations in reality sometimes have mix of two types.
key elements and skills for successful negotiation the first basic element : Interest
Focus on interests, not positions
what’s the difference between I and P?
interest: people’s needs, desires, concerns, and fears
positions: something you have decided upon, interests are what caused you to so decide. Learn to find out the shared and compatible interests that hide behind opposed positions. the second basic element : options
Before trying to reach agreement, invent options for mutual gain the third basic element : criteria Insist on using objective criteria the fourth basic element : people Separate the people from the problem
What are the skills for a successful negotiation?
1. Identify your interests , guess and make sure the other side’s interests.
2. Set the highest and lowest aims for a negotiation and identify an explicit agenda and strategy in the negotiation.
3. Expand the mutual interests by inventing some options. 4. Provide the objective criteria for realizing the aims 5. Listening actively and healthy communication 6. Make use of the influence that your country has.
7. Make sure what you should do next if the negotiations broke down. (alternative)
Summary about negotiation simulation
preparation before negotiation 1.judge the core interests
2. make sure the highest and lowest aims
3. provide the creative options in negotiation
1.hold and promote the agenda
2.control the negative sentiments
3.regularize identity and language
4. team cooperation
Economic diplomacy
Economic diplomacy ＝Economy +Diplomacy？
The decision-making, policy-making by countries or international organizations for economic interests.
The decision-making, policy-making by countries or international organizations using economic methods to realize non-economic aims. Eg. Oil diplomacy
Negotiation on China-ASEAN 10＋1free trade zone
China appointed special envoy in African issues Liu guijin to help dealing with Darfur Crisis
charter 1: diplomatic principles (3)
charter 2: diplomatic conventions and regulations (5) charter 3: diplomatic institutions (5)
Three principles 1. Sovereign equality
2. Peaceful settlement of international disputes and non-use of force 3. Non-interference in internal affairs of any state
Five diplomatic conventions and regulations
1. recognition 承认是建交的必要条件 2.precedence
3.privileges and immunities
4.political asylum and diplomatic asylum 区别于地方 5.human rights protection Be a man with the human dignity The freedom from fear
The freedom from poor The freedom of the speech
The freedom of the religious belief
The history of human rights protection becoming the international norms 1) Protect the minority
In 1648 “Treaty of Westphalia”
In 1815 “Final Act of the Congress of Vienna”
2) ban the slave trade
In 1815 “the declaration of banning the slave trade”
In 1926 “International Convention for the Suppression of the Slave Traffic”
3) international labor protection in 1889
“work with 8 hours ” /“decent work”
The history of human rights protection becoming the international norms human rights protection into international law
1n 1948 “International human rights proclamations ” 1n 1966 “The international human rights pact” The scope of human rights protection
Punish genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity Against racial discrimination Against sex discrimination Protect refugees Protect children Protect prisoners
Question:
1. According to the definition of Diplomacy : Question 1:What’s the essence of diplomacy ?
The core of diplomacy is concerning to the idea of communication,
外交学概论（双语）
