独立主格结构得用法
一、独立主格结构得概念
独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)就是由名词或代词加上分词等构成得一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中得名词或代词与其后得分词等构成逻辑上得主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上得联系,它得位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语,相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意得就是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式
名词(代词)+现在分词;过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语) 1、 名词(代词)+现在分词
例句:The storm drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day. The storm drawing near在句中作: 原因状语
＝Since the storm was drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.
由于暴风雨即将来临,那个挖土小工决定收工。(call it a day 今天到此为止) 例句:Winter ing, it gets colder and colder、
Winter ing在句中作:伴随状语 = The winter es, and it gets colder and colder、 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。
造句:时间允许得话,我就与您一起走。
Time permitting, I will go with you、 独立主格作:条件状语 =改写:If time permits, I will go with you、 造句:那个姑娘望着她,她不知道说什么好。
The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say、 独立主格作:时间状语
=改写:As the girl stared at him, he didn’t know what to say、 2、 名词(代词)+过去分词
例句:He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard、
她上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
例句:The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier、
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。 造句:工作完成后,她回家了。
The work done, he went back home、
= When the work was done, he went back home、 3、 名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式与它前面得名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上得主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动得形式;如果就是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
例句:The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book、
我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书得四分之一。
例句:Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful、
种上许多得树、花与草后,我们新建得学校瞧上去将更美。 造句:还有很多作业要做,我不能与您走。 A lot of home work to do, I can’t go with you、 4、 名词(代词)+形容词
puters very small, we can use them widely、 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
he stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open、 5、 名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room、 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
造句:The lights off, we could not go on with the work、 6、 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure,he fired again. 她第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children、 两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。 7、 名词(代词) +介词短语
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand、 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 三、with,without 引导得独立主格结构
with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。上文得独立主格结构得几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was、 小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。 (without +名词/代词+动词得-ing形式) Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room、
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词得-ed形式) The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit、
有这么多得名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式) The boy was walking, with his father ahead、 父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)
He stood at the door, with a puter in his hand、 或He stood at the door, puter in hand、
她站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语) With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy、
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词) 在with (without) 得复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。
造句:老师走进教室,胳膊下面夹了一本书。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a book under his arm、
造句:老师坐在椅子上,周围一群学生围着她。
The teacher is sitting in the chair, with a group of students around him 造句:工作完成了,她回家了。
With the work done, he went back home、
造句:由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪得洞。
With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave、 四、独立主格结构得句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。
1、 作时间状语
My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.
我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低得房间,小心翼翼地踩在柔软得塌塌米垫子上。
The governor pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.
总督思考问题时,更多得罢工工人聚集在她要通过得路上。 2、 作条件状语
Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许得话,她们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him. 如果情况如此得话,您没有理由解聘她。 3、 作原因状语
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave、 由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪得洞。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home、 没有别得事可讨论,我们都回家了。 4、 作伴随状语或补充说明
I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side.
我拿着车票还有我得奶酪,雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我,纷纷向两边退去。
Ten students entered for the petition, the youngest a boy of 12、 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小得就是个12岁得男孩。
比较:
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried,many things to settle、 经理瞧上去很着急, 有这么多得事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且就是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle)
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled、 许多事情已经处理好了, 经理瞧上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用动
词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV、 小孩一边做饭,一边瞧电视。(两个动作同时进行)
The food cooked, the boy went to bed、 饭做好了,小孩去睡了。(两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉得)
五、 独立主格结构得特殊用法 1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上得主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:
Generally speaking 总得说来, Frankly speaking 坦率地说,
Judging from 从……判断, Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand、 总得说来,这条规则很容易懂。
②Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man、 由她所说得来判断,她一定就是一个诚实得人。 2、有些固定短语就是带 to 得不定式,表明说话人得立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕得就是,等等。
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling、 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
单项填空
1、 The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one plained that his leaving disturbed the speaker、 A、 began beginning
2、 Such ______ the case, I have no other choices、 A、 being
B、 is
C、 was
D、 to be
B、 beginning
C、 having begun
D、 being
3、 Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets、 A、 set
B、 setting
C、 has set
D、 was set
4、 With all factors ______ ,we think this program may be better than all the others in achieving the goal、
A、 being considered B、 considering
C、 considered D、 are considered
5、 A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent、 A、 to have been worked out
B、 having worked out
C、 working out D、 having been worked out
6、 On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears ______, alert, listening、 A、 pointed
B、 pointing
C、 are pointed D、 are pointing
7、 Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’t accept the offer、 A、 not being finished C、 had not been finished
B、 not having finished
D、 was not finished
8、 There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性)、 A、 has
B、 had
C、 to have
D、 having
9、 The old man stood under a big tree, ______、 A、 a pipe in mouth C、 pipe in mouth
B、 with a pipe in mouth D、 pipe in his mouth
10、 The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material (原料)、 A、 has gone up up
11.The lecture____,he left his seat so quietly that no one plained that his leaving
B、 is going up C、 having gone up
D、 being gone
disturbed the speaker.
A.began B.beginning C.having begun D.being beginning 12.Such___the case ,there are no grounds to justify your plaints. A.being B.is C.was D.to be
13.With all factors_____,we think this program may excel(胜出) all the others in achieving the goal.
A.being considered B.considering C.considered D.are considered 14.A new technique ____ ,the yields(产量) as a whole increased by 20 percent. A.to have been worked out B.having worked out C.working out D.having been worked out
独立主格结构讲解及练习
