encompassing priairie, eastern,, and western landscapes as well as vignettes of the modern city. They celebrate, from the standpoint of a Populist radical, the lives of outcasts, the contributions of immigrants and common people to urban culture, and the occupations of those who have survived or been sacrificed in the rise of industrial civilization. 3. 1914年《芝加哥诗集》”Chicago Poems”
1918年《剥玉米的人》”Cornhuskers” 1920年《烟与钢》”Smoke and Steel”
1922年《太阳烧灼的西方石板》”Slabs of the Sunburnt West”
其它诗作《冰冷的墓》”Cool Tombs”; 《闪烁的深红》”Flash Crimson” 1936年《人民,是的》”People, Yes”
1927年《美国歌谣汇编》”The American Songbag” 1919年《芝加哥种族动乱》”The Chicago Race Riots” 《路特拜故事集》“The Rootabaga Stories” (for Children)
4. 1929《摄影家斯泰肯》、1932年《玛丽·林肯》是他的二部传记性质的作品his biographies “Steichen the
Photographer” and “Mary Lincoln” 他的散文代表作是《亚拍拉罕·林肯》,是一部纪念性的颂扬类传记His major work in prose was monumental and celebratory biography of Abraham Lincoln. 5. 教材作品:《芝加哥》:”Chicago” 《港湾》:”The Harbor” 《雾》:”Fog”
《冰冷的墓》”Cool Tombs” 《闪烁的深红》”Flash Crimson” 《人民,是的》”The People, Yes”
五、Wallace Stevens华莱士·斯蒂文斯1879-1955
1. 他是一位极有天分的业余诗人,他不太注重自己在文坛上的荣誉和地位,他更关注自己作品本身的一种完美,
他的作品的动机最初源于“秩序”的理念,他的“秩序”就是真理,就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序,是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权Wallace Stevens created his poetry as a gifted nonprofessional, less concerned about promoting his literary his literary reputation than about perfecting what he wrote. His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order” that is, true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and the universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 2. 1923年《风琴》”Harmonium”;
1935年《关于秩序的思想》”Ideas of Order”
1937年《带蓝吉它的人》”The Man With the Blue Guitar” 1942年《一个世界的几个部分》”Parts of a World” 1947年《入夏》”Transport to Summer”
1950年《秋天的曙光》”The Auroras of Autumn” 1951年《必要的天使》”Necessary Angel” 1954年《诗歌选集》”Collected Poems”获得了国家图书奖及普利策奖he received the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize;
1957年《遗著》”Opus Posthumous” 1966年《书信集》”Letters” 其它作品:《谐音》“Harmonium”; 《星期六早晨》”Sunday Morning”.
3. 他的作品滑稽、新奇、怪诞,他尝试过多种实验性写作风格,他作品中有法式优雅、奇异的幻想,及古怪的
声音,引人入胜的类比,深不可测的书名等,其后期作品中反映的主要是理想与现实中交叉的矛盾,构造一系列的对立,冥想和哲理成份越来越多,作为杰出文化精英,他的作品有时艰深,有时古奥,他也承认他的作品是“为自己建造的一座殿堂”Stevens invoked the comic, the strange, the bizarre. He adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry and led him to elaborate a series of oppositions, he became in his later work increasingly meditative and philosophical, an intellectual elitist, at times difficult and obscure, who wrote, as he admitted “for a gallery of one’s own”.
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4. 教材作品:《彼得·昆士弹琴》:”Peter Quince at the Clavier” 《坛子的轶事》:”Anecdote of the Jar” 《冰淇淋皇帝》:”The Emperor of Ice-Cream”
六、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯·斯特恩斯·爱略特1888-1965 1948年诺贝尔奖(won the Nobel Prize in 1948)
1. 1917年第一本诗集《普鲁弗洛克及其它一些观察》his first book of poems “Prufrock and Other Observations”,
同他后来的大部分作品一样,这部作品触及到了人性中的软弱、沮丧等弱点,正确地思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失like much of his later work it concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.
2. 1920年第四部《诗集》发行,第一首诗为《小老头》his fourth volume “Poems”, with “Gerontion” as it’s leading
poem, published. 1920年还出版了诗集《圣林》其中还收入了几篇杂文,在《传统和个人天才》文章中,作者第一次阐释了自己的审美观,他提出的美学原理成为了现代评论极为有效的一种评判标准。知识、情感、体验的融合程度与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准in 1920 also appeared “The Sacred Wood”, containing, among other essays, “Tradition and the Individual Talent”, the earliest statement of his aesthetics. The aesthetic principle which he first elaborated in this essay provided a useful instrument for modern criticism. The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellects feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem.
3. 《荒原》是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一,讲述的主题就是第一次世界大战给人们的启示,荒原意味着西
方文明的衰落,现代人在精神上和文化上的颓废,采用讽刺性对比,大量使用了文学引用,该作品中作者还创造了一种新的文学形式,即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果 “The Waste Land”, one of the major works of modern literature. Its subject, the apparent failure of western civilization which World War I seemed to demonstrate, suggested the spiritual debility of the modern individual and his culture while in satirical counterpoint his Sweeney poems had symbolized the rising tide of anticultural infidelity and human baseness. It used abundant of literary reference. It also introduced a form-the orchestration of related themes in successive movements. 4. 1925年《空心人》”The Hollow Men”
1930年《灰星期三》”Ash-Wednesday” 1943年《四个四重奏》”Four Quartets”
1924年,他的第二卷评论集《向德赖登致敬》”Homage to John Dryden”, his second volume of criticism 1932年《萎缩争论》”Sweeney Agonistes”; 《耶利尔诗集》”Ariel Poems” 1935年《大教堂凶杀案》”Murder in the Cathedral”
1936年《诗歌选集》、《论文集》、《古代和现代》“Collected Poems”, “Collected Essays”, “Ancient and Modern” 1933年《诗歌的用法和评论的用法》”The Uses of Poetry and the Uses of Criticism” 1952年《完美的诗歌与剧作》”The Complete Poems and Plays” 5. 他的戏剧作品:1939年《家庭重聚》”The Family Reunion”
1949年《鸡尾酒会》”The Cocktail Part” 1953年《机要秘书》”The Confidential Clerk” 1958年《政界元老》”The Elder Statesman”
6. 教材作品:《J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》”The Love Song of J·Alfred Prufrock” 《序曲》”Preludes”
《三贤哲的旅程》“Journey of the Magi”
《空心人 给老盖伊一文钱吧》“The Hollow Men A Penny for the Old Guy”
七、F· Scott Fitzgerald F·司格特·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940
1. 1920年他第一本小说《人间天堂》”This Side of Paradise”取得名声后迎娶美人泽达won success, fame, and Zelda.
这本小说描写了美国“躁动青年”的放荡和随意生活,该作品在商业上立刻获得了极大的成功,泽达和菲茨杰拉德也决心过上他小说中描述的这种放荡无羁的生活,他们甚至有过之而无不及The book, with its portrayal of the casual dissipations of “flaming youth”, was an immediate commercial success, and Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald attempted to live up to-or even beyond-his fictional portraits of scandalous young men and women.
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2. 第二本小说《漂亮的和该死的》”The beautiful and Damned”
《爵士时代故事集》”Tales of the Jazz Age”
《蔬菜》或叫《从邮递员到总统》”The Vegetable” or “from Postman to President”
3. 1925年的《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”及1934年的《夜色温柔》“Tender Is the Night”,在这两部小
说中,菲茨杰拉德提示了外表闪耀着天真的时代中的刺耳喧嚣。他运用生动优雅的散文,揭露了美国拜金主义的空虚,表现了美国人对爱情、豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence. In vivid and graceful prose he had, at the same time, portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires. 4. 教材作品:《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”
八、Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特·海明威1899-1961
1954年他因“现代叙述艺术的精湛技巧”而获得诺贝尔文学奖he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of
the art of modern narration”. 1961年在家自杀。
1. 一战中作为美国在法国的救护队的一名志愿驾驶员到军队服役,后转移到意大利前线,后受重伤 In World
WarI, he volunteered to serve as a driver for an American ambulance unit in France, then transferred to duty on the Italian front, where he was seriously wounded.
2. 他极大地推动了报告文学的发展,他认为报告文学句子结构要简单,用语要节制,想象要简练,要采用不受
感情影响的、戏剧化的语调he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simple sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone. 3. 1923年第一本书《三个故事和十篇诗歌》”Three Stories and Ten Poems”
4. 1926年《太阳照样升起》”The Sun Also Rises” 海明威逐渐成为了格特鲁特·斯泰因所说的“迷惘的一代”的
代言人 Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”.
5. 对充斥于现代社会人们生活中的无聊、失败、死亡等,海明威有时做出的是消极评论,后来这种人生虚无主
义的观点进行了修改,他反复运用坚定的语气声称,人凭借自己的勇气和方式,还是有可能过上美好生活的,在海明威看来,人类最伟大莫过于在压力之下显示自己的从容,或“最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人” His works have sometimes been read as an essentially negative commentary on a modern world filled with sterility, failure, and death. Yet such a nihilistic vision is repeatedly modified by Hemingway’s affirmative assertion of the possibility of living with style and courage. To Hemingway, man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure, or “purity of line through the maximum of exposure”. 6. 1929年《永别了,武器》”A Farewell to Arms”
1932年《死在午后》”Death in the Afternoon” 1935年《非洲的青山》”The Green Hills of Africa” 1940年《丧钟为谁而呜》”For Whom the Bell Tolls” 1950年《过河入林》”Across the River and into the trees”
1952年《老人与海》”The Old Man and the Sea” (triumphant even in defeat) 7. 教材作品:《永别了,武器》”A Farewell to Arms”
九、John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克1902-1968
1. 斯坦贝克对同时代社会问题的探讨,尤其是对无产农民的苦难的描写,于1940年获得普利策奖,1962年获
得了诺贝尔文学奖 Steinbeck’s treatment of the social problems of his time, particularly the plight of the dispossessed farmer, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940, and, in 1962, a Nobel Prize for literature.
2. 他是二十世纪三十年代,美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家was the foremost novelist of the American Depression
of the 1930s
3. 由于他对人们苦难生活有着直接的接触,因此他的大部分作品表达的都是对那些移民工人和下层社会人们的
同情,他的作品反映的主要是体力劳动者的真实生活 His sympathy for the migrant workers and the down-trodden, so evident in his writing, was the result of firsthand knowledge of their struggles. His writing reflected his concern with the rituals of manual labor. 4. 1935年《托蒂亚平地》”Tortilla Flat”
《胜负未决的战斗》”In Dubious Battle”
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1937年《鼠与人》”Of Mice and Men” 1938年《长谷》“The Long Valley”
1939年《愤怒的葡萄》“The Grapes of Wrath”, 作品讲述的是“奥克斯”人从一个长期遭受干旱和沙暴袭击的“沙尘谷”地区移民到加利福尼亚的一段故事,故事在移民的梦想破灭和悲惨的结局中结束,书中他肯定了普通老百姓为了生活与生命抗争的顽强品质 showed the migration of the “Okies” from the “Dust Bowls” to California, a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. 19441年《科特兹之海》”The Sea of Cortez” 5. 教材作品:《愤怒的葡萄》”The Grapes of Wrath”
十、William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962 1950年获诺贝尔文学奖
1. 1.1931年《圣殿》”Sanctuary”; 1927年《沙多里斯》”Sartoris”.随后他开始认识到“故乡的一枚小小邮票也
值得去写,故乡有它一辈子也写不完的素材,我把这些素材经过升华,最后成为小说,有了这些基础以后,我可以随心所欲地达到一种绝对的高境界。打开别人的金矿,为自己创造了一个宇宙”then he “discovered”, as he said later, “that my own little postage stamp of native soil was worth writing about and that I would never live long enough to exhaust it and that by sublimating the actual into the apocryphal I would have complete liberty to use whatever talent I might have to its absolute top. It opened up a gold mine of other people, so I created a cosmos of my own”.
2. 1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury”
1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying” 1932年《八月之光》”Light in August”
1934年《马蒂诺医生和其它故事选》”Doctor Martino and Others Stories” 1949年《大树林》”Big Woods”
1936年《押沙龙,押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom” 1942年《去吧,摩西》”Go Down, Moses”
史努比家族三部曲,第1部1940年《小乡村》,第2部1957年《小镇》,第3部《大宅》,the trilogy on the Snopes family: “The Hamlet”, “The Town”, “The Mansion”.
3. 尽管福克纳一生几乎都是在密西西比度过的,但他游历却非常广泛,他作品的中心主题却是不局限在牛津,
也不在密西西比河,甚至也不在美国,在他看来,“人类心灵与自己冲突”才是宇宙永恒的主题although his home was always in Mississippi, Faulkner traveled extensively. His central theme, however, was not Oxford, or Mississippi, or even America. It was, as he put it, the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”. 教材作品:《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》:“A Rose for Emily”
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附:作者及作品(第一、二册)
一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America 1.船长约翰·史密斯 Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath
Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图,附:一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》 “General History of Virginia” 2.威廉·布拉德福德 William Bradford
《普利茅斯开发历史》 “The History of Plymouth Plantation” 3.约翰·温思罗普 John Winthrop
《新英格兰历史》 “The History of New England” 4.罗杰·威廉姆斯 Roger Williams
《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of
America Called New England ”
5.安妮·布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”
二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》 “ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》 “Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因 Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》 “The American Crisis”
《收税官的案子》 “The Case of the Officers of the Excise” 《常识》 “Common Sense” 《人权》 “Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》 “The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》 “Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
※《独立宣言》 “The Declaration of Independence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺 Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》 “The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》 “The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》 “To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》 “The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》 “The House of Night” 《英国囚船》 “The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”
《札记》 “Miscellaneous Works”
三、浪漫主义文学 The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文 Washington Irving (1783-1859)
※《作者自叙》 “The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》 “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》 “Sketch Book”
《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》 “Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》 “A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》 “Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》 “Tales of Traveller”
《查理二世》或《快乐君主》 “Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”
《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》
”Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》 “Alhambra”
《西班牙征服传说》 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》 “A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》 “Astoria”
《博纳维尔船长历险记》 “The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”
《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》 ”Life of Oliver Goldsmith”
《乔治·华盛顿传》 “Life of George Washington” 2.詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀 James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》 “The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》 “The Spy” 《领航者》 “The Pilot” 《美国海军》 “U.S. Navy”
《皮袜子故事集》 “Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》 ”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder”
《最后的莫希干人》 “The Last of the Mohicans”
《拓荒者》、《大草原》 “The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特 William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》 “Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》 “To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡 Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》 “To Helen” ※《乌鸦》 “The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》 “Annabel Lee”
※《鄂榭府崩溃记》 “The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》 “Ms. Found in a Bottle”
《述异集》 “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》 “Nature” ※《论自助》 “Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》 “The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》 “The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》 “Essays”
《代表》 “Representative Men” 《英国人》 “English Traits” 《诗集》 “Poems”
6。亨利·戴维·梭罗 Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登 我生活的地方 我为何生活》
“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For” 《平民反抗》 “Civil Disobedience” 7。纳撒尼尔·霍桑 Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) ※《红字》 “The Scarlet Letter”
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